Caring for Pressure Sores in Elderly People

Caring for Pressure Sores in Elderly People 107582 Caring for Pressure Sores in Elderly People with Circulatory  Problems from Long-Term Diabetes, in Nursing Homes Pressure sores are tears or ulcerations in the skin, that occur typically in the lower half of the body over ‘bony prominences’ that support the weight of the body during lying, standing, and sitting. The most typical areas that the elderly are prone to developing pressure sores include the heel, lower legs and feet, and lower back. The majority of pressure sores occur in people aged 70 or over through age-related health and lifestyle factors associated with the elderly. a) What physical care needs do such elderly people tend to have? Damage to the skin leading to pressure sores can cause wounds of varying degrees of severity, which have the potential to become infected. Physical care through wound treatment is thus essential and so effective co-working with medical staff colleagues like the community nurses will be very important for nursing home to manage. Prescribed medications to counteract infections and topical locations in order to aid healing are all part of the care routine for those with existing pressure sores. Also within wound treatment, dressings and bandages will need to be changed according to the patients care plan in order to minimize potential for infection. Physical care routines for elderly patients in nursing homes residential care can also involve taking actions in order to minimize the risk from pressures, as well as helping residents in wound treatment as outlined above. As diabetes will often incur the symptom of more frequent need for urination, incontinence may be particularly problematic as dampness in clothing, or in bed sheets etc, is likely to cause skin irritation and thus increases the risk from pressure sore. Physical care thus needs to involve frequent toilet visits, changes to sanitary hygiene products like pads, and changing bed clothes when necessary. Avoiding plastic bed padding is also preferable as plastic will trap dampness between the skin and the plastic and so could increase irritation. Foot care is a very important physical need that elderly diabetic patients will often require help with. Due to changes to the body’s circulatory system and reducing ability of the skin to heal and renew itself (turnover of epidermis can reduce by 50% in older age), once minor foot problems like in-grown toe-nails or blisters can lead to infections and potentially gangrene (in some instances requiring amputation). Ensuring patients / residents are wearing well fitting footwear and that toe-nails are kept short should be completed by staff. This risk from pressure sores is also increased by the reduction in sensitivity that aged-skin possesses – elderly patients simply may not be able to feel that skin ulcers or pressure sores are developing until they are well advanced, and so more difficult to treat, and for the body to heal. Therefore regular checks and skin assessment in risk areas on the body such as the feet should make up an important part of the care routine for elderly patients, who may not be able to do these checks themselves, or who may not have enough skin sensitivity to be aware of these problems as they occur. b) Why do such elderly people develop bed sores? Pressure sores (also known as bed sores) will come about through changes in the skin associated with ageing, severely restricted movement, and when there the body has circulatory problems and the health outcomes associated with poor circulation. Those older patients with diabetes particularly, will often experience circulatory problems, which are then compounded by the restricted movement and general reduction in mobility involved within the aging process, which puts repeated or prolonged pressure on certain points of the skin causing wear and tear that the body is unable to cope with. Elderly patients in general are susceptible to skin damage and pressure sores through the changes to their skin that make it thinner (dermal thickness can decrease by 20%) and weaker as they get older. These processes include the ‘loss of subcutaneous tissue, diminished pain perception, decreased cell mediated immunity, slowed wound healing, and the altered barrier properties of aged skin. These biological changes to the skin have the medical implications that the body’s local inflammatory responses will diminish which slows the healing process, and sensory loss in the skin may follow. These are particular factors that expose the elderly to pressure sores. In conjunction to the risk from age-related skin changes, the high number of elderly patients who have diabetes means that compromised circulatory systems can put people at even higher risk. This happens because diabetes affects the body’s ability to effectively regulate blood as the high levels of glucose that remain in the blood begin to damage the blood vessels, and it is this process that begins to inhibit circulation of blood around the body. Over time, poor circulation can have the effect where limb extremities begin to suffer and will start to change in the sensation they arouse – a feeling that is particularly common is tingling in the lower legs and feet. A change in sensation especially within the legs can be indicative of worsening circulation which can have serious implications if a pressure sore occurs. Poor circulation compromises the healing process meaning it takes longer for wounds to heal, and leave people more susceptible to developing infections and potentially gangrene. Change in sensation is also often coupled with sensory loss, where by people may be unable to feel when they have a pressure sore, and so wounds may be left untreated for some time if not regularly checked by self or others. The restricted movement which many elderly people in care homes experience also puts them at risk. Prolonged sitting or lying for people who have difficulty walking or who are bed-bound are those that are in the highest risk group. Hip-fractures, neurological disease paralysis from conditions such as stroke are common within elderly populations and so should be monitored accordingly. Strokes are often a problem for those with diabetes due to the damage that high levels of glucose causes to blood vessels, which can eventually begin to exert on the arteries, so elderly diabetic patients may suffer immobilization and sensation loss resulting from both strokes and poorer general circulation from the diabetes. c) Describe one Clinical Skill necessary to meet the relevant physical care need(s) of the patients. Describe how this skill would be applied. Devising a repositioning (regular turning) schedule may help to alleviate the stress on certain areas of the skin for those with restricted mobility or with general immobilization. As mentioned previously, elderly diabetic patients are likely to suffer poor circulation which can lead to change in skin sensation and eventually sensory loss over some areas of skin. Through this process people may sit or lie for much longer periods of time, or be unable to move at all; so increasing the stress placed on set areas of skin – younger adults for instance typically shift their body weight every 15 minutes, even whilst asleep. Physical care should thus include assessing the repositioning needs of individual patients or residents – some documents discuss a 2-hour turning schedule as a bench mark. The time needed between movements and turning of the body may however be greater for those at higher risk of pressure sores, such as though who have severe mobility restriction or immobilization; those who have existing wounds, those on sedating medications (and therefore may reduce their movements according to when on medication and when not. Also factors like whether special mattresses or support surfaces are being used will affect the rate at which people will need to be repositioned. Skin inspection should also determine the repositioning needs of individual patient needs. Physical care routines should therefore apply repositioning by alternating residents / patients between sitting, standing, lying; particularly whether people can engage in physical activities during the day. Short walks, encouraging movement or moving residents between different rooms within residential care (such as between communal lounges, gardens conservatories etc) where possible will provide health benefits as well as reducing relief from pressure sores by shifting body weight through movement and activity. For those with severe immobilisation or those who are bed bound, rotating body weight for lying on back to sitting in bed etc should be maintained along with regular small shifts in body movement (adjusting pillow position, angle at which sitting). Written repositioning schedules are also good practice in places of residence (such as nursing homes) where multiple caring staff will be applying the turning and repositioning of the patient – this will help to ensure that the devised schedule of movements is followed. d) Supporting literature Journal Articles Pandya, N. (2003) ‘Diabetes management in long-term-care’ Caring for the Ages Vol. 4 No. 2 p21-24 Richens, Y. Stephens F. Bick, D. Morrell, C. Loftus-Hills, A. Duff, L. (2003) ‘Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention: Improving practice, improving care’ Clinical practice Guidelines, Royal College of Nursing. Vohra, R. McCollum, C (1994) ‘Fortnightly Review: Pressure Sores’ British Medical Journal Vol. 309 p853 857 Zulkowski, K (2003) ‘Protecting your patient’s aging skin’ Nursing Reports Nuffield Institute for Health NHS Centre for reviews and dissemination (1995) ‘The prevention and treatment of pressure sores: How useful are the measures for scoring peoples risk of developing a pressure sore?’ Effective Healthcare Bulletin Internet resources www.helptheaged.org.uk www.nelh.nhs.uk

Kanyon Information Technology Solutions

Kanyon Information Technology Solutions deals with CRM and ERP software, IT Tier 1& 2 Support, Security Solution (network security and such) and ITIL consulting services. The target consumers for these services are the other business houses. In this case, the best approach would be contacting the prospects or target consumers directly through company representatives. The best way for the company is to have a zero level or one level distribution channel.Business organizations can be contacted in various ways. The concerned people from the target organizations read business magazines and journals, IT magazine and journals, visit various websites, trade shows, technology shows, events and exhibitions and many others.   These marketing avenues can be capitalized in order to advertise and market these products.Print Media:Print media being traditional way of advertising and marketing are still acceptable people finding it convenient to carry a magazine and read it in their free time. Th ere are numbers of business journals, news papers, IT journals and others which advertise IT and business products. Companies can identify their target consumer and their reading habits and advertise its products and solutions in the same.WebsiteThese products are targeted for businesses. It will be beneficial for the company to advertise these on different websites. When a prospect consumer will start looking for IT solutions, he is most likely to check search engines first. The company can advertise as well as can have its own website. The advertising cost in website will be less.Trade shows and other Events:This is other important way to contact target consumers. Trade shows offers an opportunity to demonstrate your products and solutions to the prospective clients. The IT and industry specific trade shows will allow Kanyon Information Technology Solutions to develop their advertising material and business plan according to the industry specific needs.Competitive Sales Force:Comp etitive sales for can be hired and trained for the product demonstrations and selling. The sales team can comprise of experienced people from the industry or competitors. They can have aggressive sales targets and proper support and facilities to meet these targets.Retailers:KITS can also appoint retailers for marketing of their services. These retailers may have expertise of selling IT products and solutions to the market place. They can be dealing with products and solutions of other IT companies as well. This will allow company to have a retailer with experience and consumer data base. The retailer may contact its existing customers and cross sell or up sell KITS products.Using Wholesaler:Use of wholesaler for the IT products will increase the cost of final product. Wholesaler will contact retailers to sell the products and solutions to the market place. The control of KITS over the retailers would be less. The products may face the problem of different pricing and offers from di fferent wholesalers and their retailers. The channel conflict will be higher and company will have lesser control. IT products are prone to fast changes. It is dangerous for the company to have its product in the form of inventory. Higher the numbers of members in the distribution channel higher will be the inventory time. This will increase the risk of getting products and solutions out dated and out of market place.Reference:Kitchen, P.J. (1994), â€Å"The Marketing Communication Revolution: A Leviathan Unveiled?†, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 12(.2) 19-25.Kotler, Philip (2001) Marketing Management, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 10th EditionLisa Hoecklin. (1995).Managing Cultural Differences: Strategies for Competitive Advantage. Wokingham:Addison-Wesley Publisher Ltd.Mà ¶ller, K. and Wilson, D. (1995), Business Marketing: An Interaction and Network Perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell.Shimp, T.E. (1997), Advertising, Promotion and Supplemental Aspect s of Integrated Marketing Communication, 4th ed. Fort Worth, Texas: The Dryden Press

Lies Youve Been Told About Pork Consumption Essay Topics

Lies You've Been Told About Pork Consumption Essay Topics For instance, a feeder pig producer is assessed while the pig is sold for the very first time. But since the maps below illustrate for an assortment of countries and regions around the Earth, consumption won't change equally across all kinds of livestock. The moral value is a universal price, which can be seen in all species and it's the exact same in all species. Look out for misleading labels. What You Don't Know About Pork Consumption Essay Topics Continuing on to answering the popular question for what country eats the most pork per person, we referred to the site that is about pork and contains all of the info you would ever have to know about this sort of meat. If you believe you can just elect for a greater quality pork product, think again. As a consequence, in any circumstance it's beneficial for all of us to cut back meat. He emphasizes that everybody should cut back on the quantity of meat and meat produc ts they eat. The Pain of Pork Consumption Essay Topics Consequently, meat is critical to human's everyday life and wellness. Being a real carnivore isn't a terrible thing. Meat Consumption is just one of the oldest habits of human life. Choosing Good Pork Consumption Essay Topics Hence, they have lower chance of coronary disease. We don't know someone doesn't mean we should hurt that person, and the exact same applies to animals. However, once we look deeply on how dogs identify various kinds of drugs, it's because they are being taught by human. In this manner, we cannot support the argument that we don't eat dogs since they are useful, it's human who makes them useful, and we can also give pigs with skills so they can have higher instrumental price. I certainly wouldn't need to roll the dice and discover out. The Debate Over Pork Consumption Essay Topics What you decide to eat is all up to you. To be able to eat better, you want to get informed about food according to them. Using Pork Consumption Essay Topics If they aren't trained, their strengths couldn't be expressed. All these factors are another means to die younger. Needless to say, the worldwide domination of pork could possibly be coming to an end because of the expanding popularity of chicken. Take Extinction off Your Plate is a sort of limited movement. Sources are embedded within this informative article together with below. Animal farming is the chief supply of carbon dioxide. Meat eaters don't need to take part in this emission process since there are small, local farms out there. Any farm cannot alter the impact of farm animals. Globally, pork is projected to find a little decline in the next several years. It requires 60 pounds of water to produce a single pound of potatoes. On the flip side, it takes more than 20,000 lbs of water to create a pound of beef. Pork Consumption Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! The majority of the folks accept Monday as a cha nce for a fresh beginning to a new week. These days, they pay more attention on choosing what we eat. In completion the meat business is a vital portion of life. A whole lot of individuals argue that it's only healthy to have one meat free day per week. How to Get Started with Pork Consumption Essay Topics? Take Extinction off Your Plate intends to conserve the wildlife by helping decrease the total amount of meat consumption throughout the country. It is thought to be the most essential reason behind the Global Warming. Deforestation has turned into a major issue once it concerns the environment. Poultry is and will continue being the dominant kind of livestock on Earth. Outbreaks can happen year-round. Some can even be used for purposes apart from human consumption. Although this pork is obviously likely to be much better that you consume, it can be challenging to discover, and still poses certain health concerns. Today, meat consumption has grown an uncontrollable i ssue. It also increases the risk of diabetes. 5 million in wages and advantages. Vegetarians rely on soybeans for the protein required to keep up a healthy balance within the body. Meat is necessary to the well-being of the body. It is an important source of zinc and iron. The Key to Successful Pork Consumption Essay Topics The info in our articles is NOT meant to replace a one-on-one relationship with a skilled health care professional and isn't intended as medical advice. There are lots of studies about the connection between diet and Cancer. Access to the newest technologies and information is frequently the secret to a producer's capacity to be competitive. A number of these parasites are tough to kill even when cooking. It will be a lot easier for willing folks to be a weekday vegetarian first, which can be followed by an entire vegetarianism.

The Market Structures, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly...

Introduction A market is a dynamic and restless institution where commercial dealing between buyers and sellers takes place. There are many companies and businesses that run the market. According to how the firm functions and other factors like the number of competitor firms and the type of products produced, the firm is classified into a particular market structure. The other competing firms in the market structure affect the pricing strategies of a particular firm in the same industry. Based on all the facts mentioned above, there are four general market structures – Pure Competition, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly and Monopoly. This paper explores these market structures and how they affect the prices, supply and demand and the†¦show more content†¦This means that the demand is highly elastic and thus the firm has no control over the prices. Farming is an example of a purely competitive market structure. The entry to this industry is fairly simple and there are several oth er farmers. This makes the demand highly elastic. On the other hand, a monopolistic competitive market firm is the one in which there are many firms producing the similar products but the products are not substitutes. For example, Nike and Adidas are companies producing shoes but there is a difference in the shoes that they produce. This implies that there is some control over the price since elasticity tends to be lower, but it is not considerable since buyers still have other options. Going a step further in terms of control over price, we have Oligopoly. This market structure consists of few companies and rather limited price control. While purely competitive firms are price takers, oligopoly firms can be considered as price setters, which can be explained through collusion. For example, different phone service providers form an oligopoly market structure and set their own price but this can change depending on how a competitor firm’s strategies affect their profit. Finall y, the pure monopoly market structure is the one in which there is a single company providing the product and this leads to a high control over the prices. Since it is the onlyShow MoreRelatedMarket Structures : Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition And Oligopoly2078 Words   |  9 Pagesintroduce four market structures – perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly, and their determinations of price and output. It also discussed the possibility for firms to generate profits in the short-run and/or in the long-run within these four market structures. It will be shown in the discussion that both monopolistic and oligopolistic firms are able to generate profits in both short-run and long-run, while firms in perfect competition and monopolistic competition could onlyRead MoreTypes of Competition1000 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of market structure: monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition, and perfect competition. Although the list of market structures can be virtually unlimited, these four types are considered to be the basis for understanding the principles of market performance in different market conditions. Each of the four types of market structures possesses its benefits and drawbacks. In any of these markets, an entrepreneur can develop a strategy appropriate for conquering a part of the market niche. AlthoughRead MoreDifferent Types Of Market Structures1413 Words   |  6 PagesMarket Structures A market is defined as an institution that brings together buyers (demanders) and sellers (suppliers) of a particular good or service. A Market structure is the relationship among the buyers and sellers of a market and how prices are determined through outside influences. There are four different types of market structures. Two on opposite extremes, and two comfortably in the middle. On one end is perfect competition, which acts as a starting point in price and output determinationRead MoreAn explanation of monopoly, oligopoly, perfect competition, and monopolistic competition - a detailed overview946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Australian market is a diverse economic ocean - it has different species of marine life (industries), different swells (market structure) and even hot and cold spots (public companies). One of the key determinates to a successful national economy is the structure of its markets. The main market structures are: 1. Monopoly 2. Oligopoly 3. Perfect Competition 4. Monopolistic Competition Each of these market structures have unique characteristics, and can be classified according to threeRead MoreMarket Structures Of The Market1198 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Market Structures are classified in term of the presence or absence of competition. When competition is absent, the market is said to be concentrated. There is a spectrum, from perfect competition to pure monopoly. Market structure is the physical characteristics of the market within which firms interact. It involves the number of firms in the market and the barriers to entry. Perfect competition, with an infinite number of firms, and monopoly, with a single firm, are polar oppositesRead MoreThe Types Of Market Structures1640 Words   |  7 PagesA market structure is where the physical characteristics of the market, where firms interact (). Market structures can highlight the criteria of firms, and express the barriers that they may face with entering. There are four types of competition across various market structures. The types of competition are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each types of market structures are a direct reflection of the current economic market state. When a company assessesRead MoreMarket Structure Of The Company Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Structure Introduction There are four types of market structures and they are monopoly, perfect competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. What is a market structure? A market structure is â€Å"the makeup of the companies operating in a particular market.† Why is the market structure important to the producer as well as the consumer? It distinguishes the difference in seller numbers, buyer numbers, seller entry barriers, and buyer entry barriers. The main differences in market structuresRead MoreEssay on International Business Structure963 Words   |  4 Pagesrelating to market structures, these are oligopoly, monopoly, perfect competition and monopolistic competition. Each theory has its individual assumptions and norms. In turn, these theories will be analysed, compared and contrasted with real life examples. The market structure related to each business reflects the profit maximisation and productions of the firms. The demand curve will also vary depending on the market structure; MC=MR. Perfect competition is representative of a competitive market; customaryRead MoreThe Market Structures Of A Market Structure962 Words   |  4 Pagesfour market structures that function in the worldwide market. Each of these market structures correlates with one another to create the demand and supply of the market. However, these market structures have some unique traits that no other theory can have alike. Therefore, a comparison and contrast is necessary to distinguish each of these theories from one another. These market structures of the economy are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. These market structuresRead MoreOligopoly Versus Monopoly Competition Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesv. Assignment Title : Differences between oligopoly and monopolistic competition market structures. vi. Tutor name : Hind Francesca vii. Student ID : 200893206 viii. Date of submission : 15/3/2012 ix. Word Count : 986 Differences Between Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition Market Structures Market structure refers to the interconnected characteristics of a market, which include the number of firms, level and forms of competition and extent of product differentiation (Business

Do Exercise Really Benefit Ones Health - 611 Words

Do you think that exercise benefit ones health? Within the last twenty years or more there has been an abundance of research performed on this topic by healthcare professionals. There are some researchers who understand the need to make exercise a part of a daily routine. They understand that exercise has the potential to help with diseases such as diabetes, cancer- colon, breast, and even possibly lung and endometrial, Alzheimer, and protect one from developing heart disease and stroke or its precursor, high blood pressure. On the other hand, there are those that disagree with the idea of exercise to be efficient in preventing certain health conditions. According to Dr. James O’Keefe, a cardiologist at the Mid America Heart Institute, too much exercise can be harmful if it is done in excess. â€Å"As great as exercise is, it’s like a powerful drug† he says. â€Å"More is better up to a certain dose, but after that there is a point of diminishing returns, and it may actually detract from [heart] health and even your longevity† (Park, 2012). After doing extensive research on this topic, I came to the conclusion that the benefit of exercise outweighs all of the negative effects expressed by some researchers. I feel that exercise can only improve ones health. As with any research as I have stated before, there will always be both positive and negative risks. 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Frankenstein and his creature are in fact the same person Free Essays

When considering this question one must first take note of the discrepancy between the literal presentation of the relationship between Frankenstein and his creature, and the figurative presentation of that. Are Shelley’s intentions predominantly to bring our attention to the fixed sequence of events – to perceive the story in a literal manner – or to a more implicit message; an analogy of bodily union between the two antagonists? Of course, today, when one utters the name ‘Frankenstein’ the first image thought up is that of a detestable, monstrous, green entity with bolts through the neck. This is indeed erroneous when taking Shelley’s novel into account, yet it still offers us an allusion to the idea of the double. We will write a custom essay sample on Frankenstein and his creature are in fact the same person or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has frequently been suggested that the creature assumes the role of a doppelginger – or alter-ego – to Frankenstein. That he is merely an extension, or reflection of his creator (indeed ‘creature’ implies ‘creator’). They both assume various synonymous roles throughout the novel; for example, their corresponding isolation, the omission of female influence in their matters, their juxtaposed intentions to take revenge, and of course the simple fact that Victor is presented as a solitary ‘parent’ to the creature – the only person with whom the creature has an emotional bond. So, let us first look at this issue of Victor’s and the creature’s ‘father-son’ relationship. Of course, the common interpretation of this matter is that Frankenstein manages to usurp the roles of both God and the female. What is the difference between a figurative and a literal analogy? iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/difference-figurative-literal-analogy/embed/#?secret=XpoAwMUtRD" data-secret="XpoAwMUtRD" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;What is the difference between a figurative and a literal analogy?#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Indeed, ‘like father like son’ has a profound meaning here, and the creature is, in effect Victor’s â€Å"own vampire† – his child. The most indicative portrayal of this usurping of the female (the mother) follows immediately after the creature’s ‘awakening’, with Frankenstein’s horrifically symbolic dream of Elizabeth – his potential and prearranged partner – being degraded into the corpse of his dead mother. This does seem to provide an implicit metaphor for sexual depravity – that Victor’s exploits lead him to isolate himself from both the world’s populace and, in turn, any form of carnal satisfaction. Let us, then, look further into this issue of isolation. The reasons for both Victor’s and the creature’s solitude differ markedly, but are nevertheless explicably connected. Victor is essentially isolated by his ‘Promethean’ strive for knowledge: â€Å"†¦ how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow† This – Victor’s own claim – provides us with an allusion to a man ‘punching above his weight’ (to put it facetiously). As with Prometheus – the Greek Titan – Victor, in the early parts of the novel, contemplates the power of fire (this trek into the unknown – when taking into account Walton’s ominous expedition to the Arctic – has also led critics to propose a Frankenstein-Walton double). This knowledge is then utilised by him in the creation of his creature – in parallel with Prometheus, striking discontent with godly authority. As the 1931 film version of Frankenstein adequately made out, â€Å"†¦ Now I know what it’s like to be God†. Frankenstein is an introvert – departing the archetypal family life to take up his place at Ingolstadt. He concedes vast quantities of his own life to create life – the monster being his Adam. It is therefore rather ironic that this concession of life is seemingly deemed worthless – and a waste – after Victor abandons his creature. The reason for this abandonment is essentially predicated on the creature’s repulsive physical appearance – his ominous manifestations striking fear into his creator. This now brings us onto the creature’s reasons for isolation. He is an outcast from the world to the extent that even those he thought to be well-natured and understanding – the De Lacey family – callously repel him. He is excluded from domestic life, albeit involuntarily, i la his creator. Looking at one interpretation, we might view this rebuttal of oddities as an attack by Shelley on societal conditioning (displayed effectively by the young, innocent William’s preconceptions of the monster as an â€Å"ogre† and a â€Å"fiend†) and the corrupt narrow-minded outlook of society towards what, on the surface, appears to be evil, but is in fact benevolent (the creature being a ‘noble savage’). The monster’s situation arouses a poignant sense of pity in the reader. His solitude – a common theme throughout Gothic literature – forces him into â€Å"malignity† (this word having been repeated frequently throughout the novel by Victor as narrator). The creature is, therefore, not just a reflection of Adam, but also of Satan – an outcast from heaven (of course, the monster’s ‘heaven’ can possibly be interpreted to be the respect and understanding of man towards him). Furthermore, the creature strikes similarities with John Milton’s representation of Satan in Paradise Lost (â€Å"Better to rule in Hell than to serve in Heaven†). The monster’s murderous exploits cast an ominous light over him – he is now the villain. What we can see, then, is a complex matrix of doubles – the creature and Adam, the creature and Satan, Frankenstein and God, Frankenstein as the parental dichotomy and, of course, the creature and Frankenstein. Another pointer to there being a bodily union between the two antagonists comes in the form of their intentions – namely, that of revenge. The creature intends to take revenge on his creator and conversely the creator intends to take revenge on his creature. One interpretation is that this is an embodied symbol of one man – Frankenstein (this introvert) – attempting to suppress the ugly, odious side of his nature. One can draw parallels with Robert Louis Stephenson’s 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde – the split personality indicating a doppelginger motif holding weight throughout the Gothic genre. The creature’s and the creator’s intentions, their natures and, of course, their purpose are all intertwined. The monster is Victor’s â€Å"own spirit let loose from the grave, and forced to destroy all that was dear to [him]†. Indeed, Frankenstein feels equally culpable for the deaths of William, Justine, Elizabeth and Clerval. Like the monster, Victor: â€Å"†¦ had begun life with benevolent intentions and thirsted for the moment when [he] should put them in practice and make myself useful to my fellow beings† But progressively they both – as an interrelation – decline into being feeble, ‘malignant’ characters. These intentions and emotional attachments do continue to intricately link both the creator and his creature (God and Adam, father and son). Other literally presented occurrences in the novel, for example, the arrest of Frankenstein in Ireland for the murder of Henry continue to supply evidence of Shelley’s overriding intention. This detainment was no mistake. It was simply a figurative portrayal of Victor’s arrest at the expense of his darker side – both he and the creature are equally culpable and both are one and the same. Also, Aya Yatsugi offers the notion of a ‘mirror stage’. Frankenstein and the creature’s perception of each other through the window in the Orkneys comparable to a ‘reflection’. This being supplemented by Victor’s destruction of the creature’s mate and the subsequent murder of Elizabeth by the creature – again, the sequence of events is too intricate and precise for us to rule out the possibility for Shelley’s intentions to have been for that of the double (this dichotomous murder of partners also continues to support the omission of the female). To summarise, then, it is of great import that there is nothing to rule out the possibility of Shelley delivering this work as a purposeful analogy; pointing to a bodily union of Frankenstein with his monster. Of course, we must understand that if one is to perceive the novel in this manner it will always be subjective and never constant. Yet, the evidence is there, as a supplement, for those who harbour this view. The creature and creator are spiritually one and the same. Their positions in the narrative and corresponding actions are crucially paralleled. Victor is the creature’s father, Victor is the creature’s God, Victor is the creature’s focus of vengeance, and Victor is the only entity with which (possibly with the exception of the De Laceys) the creature has a poignantly governed relationship. Yet, to say that these two characters are ‘the same person’ is possibly stretching this idea to an unaccountable degree. Indeed, they may just be separate characters with strong parallels – Shelley’s narrative simply outlining their synonymy and corresponding situations. Maybe Shelley’s message is essentially bringing our attention to the fact that these two characters, despite being at each other’s throats throughout, still maintain such a powerful understanding and spiritual bond. Nevertheless, this issue will forever be open to argument. How to cite Frankenstein and his creature are in fact the same person, Papers

Case study of BMWs expansion into China free essay sample

Introduction This case study will investigate the car manufacturer BMW and its recent plans to increase production in the Chinese market. BMW is a Transnational Corporation which can be defined as ‘a firm that has the power to coordinate and control operations in more than one country’ (Dicken, 2011, p.110). The automotive industry for years has been very static, but the automotive power is now shifting. Over the past decade there have been drastic changing patterns of consumption, for example China has experienced rapid changes in their GDP, growing by 10% per annum (World Bank, online). Car production is now shifting to new regions of the world with Japan and China now being the largest producers (18.8% and 12.8%) (Dicken, 2011). The Financial Times article looks at how BMW are experiencing even larger sales volumes even during a global financial crisis. The article discusses that BMW are now changing where they concentrate their sales. A 16.3% fall in European car sales has led to firms such as BMW looking to expand into the Asian market (Guardian, online). The article as a result says that BMW has experienced a 33.5% increase in sales in China (FT, online). This case study will investigate the causes and implications of BMW’s expansion in to China with reference to three key geographical concepts; Space, place and actors. Why have companies such as BMW increasingly expanded overseas? (Space) 1. Neoliberalism and globalization TNC’s such as BMW have been able to expand their businesses to a global scale since the neoliberal economic reforms that were implemented in the 1970’s as a result of the failing Keynesian economic approach of centralized regulation (Hubbard et al, 2002). Neoliberalism (also known as the Washington Consensus) endorses free trade, economic liberalization, deregulation, free markets and privatization (Mudge, 2008). Since the  1970’s, globalization and economic liberalization has promoted the growth of transnational corporations globally through greater flows of capital, leading to rapid rises in FDI in developing economies (Prasad et at, 2003). 2. Europe’s slowing growth rate Marcel et al (2010) argue that Europe experienced rapid economic growth up until 2007 when the global financial crisis struck and as a result the European car industry shrunk by 16.3% in Europe by the end of 2012 (Guardian, 2013). BMW as a TNC see profit as their motivational factor and therefore they will look to expand production elsewhere if it has the potential to expand their business. Why is BMW expanding production in China, and why Shenyang? (Place) 1. Chinese economy TNC’s have different goals to a state. As profit is imperative they move production to where there is an advantage, whether this is through low production costs or where there is a high demand for their product. China in 1978 moved from a centrally planned economy to a ‘controlled’ market economy that has been coined as ‘red capitalism’ (Lin, 1997). It now has an average GDP growth of 10% per annum, resulting in ‘600 million people moving above the poverty line’ (Tickel, Peck, 2003, p.163). The demand for high quality goods as a result has grown rapidly. BMW have seen sales figures in China grow by over 20% whereas European sales only had 2.6% growth in 2012 (Guardian, 2012). 2. Global Production Networks Global production networks are defined as ‘operations and transactions through which a specific product or service is produced, distributed and consumed (Coe et al, 2007). BMW has been able to expand their company in China through the geographical concept of time-space compression (Harvey, 1993). A ‘shrinking world’ has enabled BMW to easily part-manufacture their  product in Germany before being sent to Shenyang. The creation of Post-Fordist production saw the start of a spatial division of labour which has led to production no longer being confined to a single economy. Post-Fordist production concentrates on having many workers with specialized jobs rather than few workers that can do everything (Jessop, 1995). For BMW this has meant that they have been able manufacture their vehicles in China without having to train highly skilled workers in Shenyang. BMW are therefore able to manufacture and sell their products in the same country, saving money on exporting t he goods fully assembled. 3. Shenyang Shenyang is the 4th largest city in China and has been an important industrial centre for China since the 1930’s. In understanding why BMW have built factories in Shenyang, four aspects need to be addressed; Governance, embeddedness, transport and communication. Shenyang is an attractive place for TNC’s. Shenyang operates under an â€Å"open space† system of governance, which means that the Government has limited influence on its activities. Actors such as the Chinese government offer investment subsidies for companies such as BMW to locate there. One clause of receiving this subsidy is that each foreign company has to strategically couple with a Chinese company. Therefore in 2004 when BMW first moved into China they made a joint venture of â‚ ¬450 Million with Brilliance Automotive, one of China’s leading car manufacturers (BBC, 2003). This has proven a success and BMW are continuing this venture with their expansion, investing $73.5 Million in a new f actory (Global Auto Sources, online). The Manufacturing embeddedness of Shenyang is a key reason for why BMW have experienced success and why they are expanding in the same region. Within this region there is a high skilled pool of automobile workers. With the inside knowledge of Brilliance Auto BMW can continue to manufacture their cars to the highest quality. Having this joint venture also enables BMW to assert greater control over their future expansion in China. Transportation links of Shenyang enable BMW to export their goods from Leipzig, Germany to Shenyang via a high-speed container train in 23 days (DB Schenker, 2012). So  far over 4,700 containers have travelled from Leipzig to Shenyang for BMW (DB Shenker, 2012). Shenyang is also the railway hub for the northeast of China and therefore BMW are able to easily export the vehicles across China for sale. Implications of BMW’s expansion There are positive and negative implications of TNC’s such as BMW increasingly expanding production overseas. Negative Implications Uneven Development With an increase in FDI from companies such as BMW in areas such as Shenyang, there is a growing fear that China will see increasing levels of uneven development (Fan, 1995). According to Marx, everyone in all regions within a state should have equal shares of resources and development (Wei, 2000). However this has evidently not happened in China. In 2009 Shenyang had the highest GDP per capita in its region with $12,590 (CSI World Factbook, 2013). However regions such as Guizhou are struggling with unemployment with a GDP per capita of $2541 (CSI World Factbook, 2013). This gap is only going to expand as rapidly developing cities attract the highest skilled workers and attract the most FDI. Cultural Hybridization Cultural Hybridization is one of the key concepts of post-colonial theory. Edward Said (1978) in ‘Orientalism’ argues that the West need to dominate the East. This has led to the hybridity of cultures through the growth of TNC’s and globalization. Global brands such as BMW are good examples of what Ritzier (1993) calls McDonaldization. China is now experiencing a loss of diversity and individuality as a result of these changes. Positive Implications FDI and Poverty The rise in FDI from TNCs has the potential to promote more growth and reduce poverty. Although China is developing rapidly, there is still a large gap between the rich and poor. FDI can increase the size of the workforce. BMW Brilliance has created the BMW Shanghai Training Centre which trains 2400 employees each year (BMW Brilliance, 2009). An injection of a highly skilled workforce into the economy has the potential to act as a stimulant for growth in other sectors that could lead to a multiplier effect. Shenyang, although being the 4th largest city in China, only has an unemployment level of 2.2% (Unhabitat, 2001), compared to the national level of 4.1% (Trading Economics, 2013). This shows that investment from companies such as BMW has acted to promote private sector growth and thus increasing employment and reducing poverty. Summary This case study has gone out investigate why BMW has expanded production in China and what the causes and implications have been. Space Greater accessibility of the world economy through the concept of a ‘shrinking world’ and the changing power relations of economies such as the rise of the Asian Tiger economies (Paldam, 2003), have acted as incentives for BMW’s expansion in Shenyang. Place Shenyang’s concentration of highly skilled automotive engineers, combined with BMW Brilliance Training has enabled BMW to continue to manufacture their vehicles to the same high standard as in Europe. The quality of workforce combined with the location and accessibility of Shenyang has made the city the obvious choice for BMW’s growth. Actors The Chinese government has been a key actor in promoting FDI in Shenyang by offering incentives and taking a backseat when it comes to state intervention and allowing private sector growth. BMW as a TNC has a drive for profit, which has led to their increased investment of $73.5 Million in China automobile industry. Causes/Implications Although there will always be negative implications of BMW’s expansion such as the potential rise in inequality and the possible loss of culture, it can be argued that cultural hybridization is not necessarily a negative phenomenon and could even benefit a nation. As a result the positives outweigh the negatives. It is therefore evident why BMW have continued expansion and economic growth in Shenyang.