Unit 12 Btec P1 – Task P1A

P1 – Describe the role internet marketing has in a modern marketing context using selected organisations as examples Internet marketing has played an important role as a means of advertising. All types of businesses have benefited from internet marketing when it comes to cost, relationship building and sales. Instantly millions of people can have access to a company, its products or services, and this can be done at any time anywhere in the world. Usually communication is done via e-mail reducing costs in telephone calls as well. And this benefits not only businesses which do not need to spend large sums of money on traditional ways of advertising but also benefits consumers who do not need to make telephone calls to know more about a company and its products or services; it is possible to find out everything with a few clicks. Internet marketing is also used to close deals which make the process easier and cheaper for the business and the customer. Even a mobile phone contract deal can be done via internet nowadays. Internet marketing also helps targeting overseas clients as products or services easily reach customers anywhere in the world through internet marketing. Relationship building is also one of the reasons why businesses use internet marketing; this can be done through e-mails received to update customers with latest products, services or news; another way to build good relationship with customers is by offering them services that can be done online without the hassle of going out to resolve an issue. One example is online banking where banks offer customers the facility of cancelling direct debits, make payments or transfers within minutes.

The Role of Formal and Informal Groups

The Role of Formal and Informal Groups Within the University of Phoenix Online By: Stephen Ruiz MGT 340 – Organization Theory and Behavior December 2011/January 2012 – Online Mondays Professor Robert Schlagheck, MS January 20, 2012 Formal and informal groups play a significant role within The University of Phoenix Online (UOP). A formal group would be â€Å"one defined by the organizations structure, with designated work assignments establishing tasks† (Robbins, 2011, p. 276). A typical organizational chart would be an example of a formal group, where places and roles within a hierarchical organization are clearly defined. An informal group would be â€Å"neither formally structured nor organizationally determined† (Robbins, 2011, p. 276). Informal groups often â€Å"develop around social or project groups† (Schatz, 2012). An example of an informal group could be a few employees who chose to take a walk during their break time each morning. UOP has several formal groups. First, there is a leadership team that is comprised of a Vice President, Senior Directors, Associate Directors and Managers. Their roles are defined and collectively they are in charge of measuring and maximizing productivity and defining organizational objectives. Lately this group has been focusing on employee satisfaction after it was revealed, through employee surveys, that there was a growing dissatisfaction among employees. Things like inflexible work schedules and inconsistent communication from the leadership team were to blame. To improve this situation I would do many of the things this group is doing now but in a more aggressive manner. In addressing the inflexible work schedules, employees are now able to flex time more easily. I would implement alternative work schedules, more specifically, 4-10 work weeks. Regarding the inconsistent communication, we now have all division teleconferences to make the communication more uniform. Again, this strategy has been too infrequent and reactive instead of proactive. I would hold implement more frequent communication opportunities. Perhaps a weekly all finance or all enrollment communication. Next there are work teams. These are formal groups with a manager and ten employees. These team are formed based on the geographical regions that they service. The manager is responsible for motivating and providing support to the team members. The team members or advisors are responsible for assisting students. In my case, processing financial aid files, and providing customer service to students, while maintaining acceptable retention and accounts receivable levels. An improvement I would implement would be similar to the Fiedler model discussed in the text. In the past year, I have had 5 different managers. I would try to establish manager-team that have styles that compliment each other. There are a plethora of informal groups at UOP. These groups are encouraged at UOP. There are reading groups, walking groups, and even a ping pong group to name a few. Personally, I am a member of a small lunch group and a larger social group. The lunch group is made up of 3 others. We all are in the same position and have common interests such as movies and sports. I would refer to these employees as friends. The larger social group is less defined but is a network of past and present team members and we share information, â€Å"the grapevine†. I would refer to these members as acquaintances. In the end, formal and informal groups can be both positive and negative. The structure and defined roles and objectives are positive. Personal conflict and gossip would be examples of negative attributes of groups References Robbins, S. P. & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Educational, Inc. Schatz, T. (2012). Basic Types of Organizational Structure: Formal and Informal. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/basic-types-organizational-structure-formal-informal-982. html

Payword, Millicent, and MicroMint - which is the best Essay

Payword, Millicent, and MicroMint - which is the best - Essay Example Payword micropayment is easy to use as long as the user has created an account with a broker. Pay word micropayment system however breaches the application of anonymity whereby vendors obtain the personal information of the users for verification. Vendors also obtain the personal information of the users. The MicroMint requires heavy initial investment before it begins to operate. According to Rivest and Shamir (1996, p. 36), Micromint system is only profitable when there are many users. It experiences a double-spending issue, because one user can use one coin to make payments to more than one vendor. This cannot be detected until the transactions are confirmed with the broker, and tracing all the users of the particular coin. According to Gwenn (2004, p. 52), the security of MicroMint is applied by changing coins frequently to prevent the hacker from braking into the system. This is an additional cost of operation. From the methods of operation of the three methods, the best choice is payword micropayment method. Even though the Micromint and Millicent methods are successful, payword micropayment is advantageous owing to its security, reduced cost and prevention of double

Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Amazon - Essay Example This means that the company has successfully attracted the future clientele for itself. The young generation will continue using the online retailer throughout its life because they have had a good experience with the company. This is one of the greatest assets of Amazon.The company is also following cost leadership strategy with great success. The shift in the policy came after 2001 as it was the time when company decided that it has gained enough clientele to follow a cost leadership strategy. This strategy is working and it is expected to work in future as well. This is because in future more online retailers will come and competition for Amazon is increasing. The future competitors will come up with new innovations but the only way through which the new competitors can be fought is through cost cuttings. Any new competitor will not be able to compete with Amazon in future if the company offers excellent services at lowest price. Amazon is also currently trying to pursue a long te rm strategy and this is a good approach. The company should not focus on short term profits rather it should capitalize its brand name in a better way. The company is still in the growth phase therefore it should follow a growth oriented strategy. The lower profits in the short run can be accepted in favour of long term growth. The company is focusing on customer satisfaction and retention, according to the case. This strategy is also commendable as customers are the main source of revenue. Amazon is known to be customer friendly and this should remain the case in future as well. Customer base of the company is strong and this shows that customers are responding to the policies of the company. There are also certain problems in the long term strategy of the company. The company has not accumulated enough cash that is should have and it is not prepared to face any unseen economic disaster. Any unexpected economic problem can drive the company out of business and this is serious conce rn in the short run. The lower profits of the company through services are also a concern. The company should try to earn more and more revenue through advertisement. This is an area where the company is lacking. Google and Yahoo are making use of their brand name and presence to earn massive advertisement revenue. Amazon should do the same thing and should attract companies by selling places on its websites. This is an area where the company is lagging behind and more can be done in this regard. Long term growth strategy is good enough but short term cash accumulation should also under focus. Question 2 Turnaround strategy refers to a set of steps a company takes in order to rejuvenate its business that was previously not working in a desired manner. Businesses when facing serious problems are forced to think differently and come up with strategies that can bring new life to their company. Turnaround strategies help the company change its normal path and do something in order to pe rform better. Turnaround strategies involve reallocation of resources and the most common resource that is reallocated is the management. Companies are sometimes faced with problems that can only be solved by complete overhauling the way the business is run. Amazon is facing problems from its competitors and although the company is enjoying a first mover’s advantage, still competitors are quickly catching up. This is a problem for the company so turnaround strategy will aim at solving the problem of increasing competition. The company should start to think in a different way in order to save itself from the increased competition. The company should immediately turn its focus on its core activity and that is online

Graduates vs undergraduates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Graduates vs undergraduates - Essay Example Today, more than ever before nursing professionals are faced with challenges like catering to a global population, from diverse backgrounds and dealing with a whole host of problems that such situations throw up. Besides, with the advance of technology and an increased life span, the adult population with chronic illness makes up a significant percentage of today’s patients. In addition to healing the sick, nursing professionals today have to shoulder the added burden of the changing needs of their profession in order to deliver good and cost effective care to their patients. Holistic care that is based on the physical, mental and emotional well being of the patient is the goal of every nursing professional, whether graduate or undergraduate. A health care system, needs a human interface in order to translate a health care plan and maximize its benefits to the patient. This is one of the important roles carried out by the nursing profession. Besides delivering good and cost ef fective health care, the nursing professional must also be capable of focusing on prevention rather than on cure. Understanding advances in technology and using this knowledge to educate communities on ways to lead healthier lives is an important aspect of the entire nursing profession.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Business Law - Essay Example Meztista then offered a 50 percent share, based on the accounts, and Hylton accepted with a written reservation. Hylton has since filed a suit while Meztista claims that accord and acceptance relinquished rights to such claims. The legal position of the case lies in the legal principle of termination of a contract. Under termination by parties’ agreement, accord and satisfaction legally discharge parties of their obligations in a contract. Goldman and Sigismond define accord and satisfaction as a party’s decision to accept a lesser consideration to an original agreement followed by an actual execution of such acceptance. Accord and satisfaction therefore sets aside previous provisions of a contract (Goldman and Sigismond, p. 216, 217). The best argument for this case is that the parties’ obligations in the partnership were discharged by accord and satisfaction. Meztista is likely to win under this argument because Hylton relinquished legal rights by accepting the lesser payment to discharge the partnership

The three stages of Law Enforcement in Texas (State, Local, and Essay

The three stages of Law Enforcement in Texas (State, Local, and Federal) - Essay Example The Constitution allows that the state can come up with any laws they wish, provided they do not violate the constitution. Federal organization normally works within the jurisdiction, which is within the limits of a given country. Federal law enforcement agency may not enforce the law within the smaller jurisdiction, such as a state, as well as, a country, though they can help other organizations by giving out information to them. As a common rule, federal law enforcement organization have the mandate to act when federal laws are not adhered, the federal asset is involved, or when the federal law gives federal agents own mandate to act in a specific legal area or field. At the same time, it is possible for federal organization to enforce state or local laws. They, therefore, exercise their mandate everywhere in the United States when need arises. The responsibilities of federal agency differ from one country to another. These tasks include the response to policing of airports, fraud against the country, the protection of designated national infrastructure, immigration as well as border control regarding individuals and assets, the investigation of currency counterfeiting, national security and guarding the country’s head of state, as well as, other significant dignitaries.... They do not implement their jurisdiction at divisional level. However, they can exercise this when exceptional arrangements between federal and divisional governing bodies are organized. An example of such a federal organization is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Another body is the Federal Protective Service (FPS), which is one of the organizations found in the U.S. Division of Homeland Security. The Division is responsible for law enforcement and the security of about 9,000 federal owned buildings, courthouses and assets. The FPS is deployed for national security events on terrorist attacks, as well as, natural disaster management in the U.S. The U.S. has a well-organized system of law enforcement, and it is reflected in its federal organizations. Federal agencies normally enforce laws that lie within their jurisdictions and areas of duty; therefore, they have limited police tasks. This means certain federal agencies deal with crimes, no matter the place they have occurr ed. For instance, the FBI that has its own primary investigative functions deal with kidnapping cases in the U.S. The agency is the largest of all federal law enforcement organizations (Carter 116). The agency has divided its investigation into several programs, which include domestic and international terrorism, foreign counterintelligence, public corruption, civil right, cyber, organized crime drugs, white-collar crime, applicant matters and violent crimes. A good number of FBI findings are carried out in collaboration with several other law enforcement agencies. The FBI has always believed that working with other agencies is the main tool for effective law enforcement. They usually cooperate and work

Childhood and Adolescent Animal Cruelty Methods Research Proposal

Childhood and Adolescent Animal Cruelty Methods - Research Proposal Example Further research is obliged to inspect the components related to why people take an interest in youth animal evil and what are the behavioral and social viewpoints identified with this sort of conduct. Hirschi's social holding hypothesis is actualized into this study as an intention to address social bonds amid youth and their general significance in connection to creating withdrawn behavioral qualities. Hensley and Tallichet (2009) evaluated the relationship in the middle of youth and juvenile demonstrations of creature mercilessness in connection to interpersonal savagery towards people that happens further down the road. Mead (1964) attested that there was a relationship between youngsters who take part in demonstrations of creature cold-bloodedness to that of assaultive character issue. This behavioral theory pondered how youngsters could be aided by right on time conclusion when exhibiting this kind of maladjusted conduct in which may help in avoiding further inclusion in interp ersonal savagery and murder later on. The exploration address inside this study tended to a connection between the sorts of creature torment to best anticipate later interpersonal brutality in grown-ups. The type of creature torment that was considered by the specialists included demonstrations of creature pitilessness, for example, 1) Drowning, 2) Hitting, 3) Kicking, 4) Shooting, 5) Choking, 6) Burning, and 7) Having sexual relations with the creatures (Hensley &Tallichet, 2009). Inside the domain of sociology exploration, analysts normally coordinate a subjective examination configuration to build general exhaustiveness into the range of human and social association, with the objective of applying intending to these ideas in the development and acceptance of human learning.

The Dragon Rider Essay Example for Free

The Dragon Rider Essay The Dragon Rider is an adventure fantasy novel by Cornelia Funke. The Thief Lord and Inkheart, two other novels by this author, became bestsellers and now Funke’s admirers can enjoy her next work by her. The Dragon Rider is a classical fiction novel. Simple linear narration makes the reading easy, while lively characters and twisted plot make it interesting. In the beginning of narration the novel is set in peaceful Scottish valley. Dragons, who live there are threatened by the invasion of men. Firedrake, a young silver dragon is the main character of the novel. He starts his journey to find legendary Rim of Heaven, a place where dragons can live in peace. Orphan Ban, brownie Sorrel and homunculus Twigleg accompany him in his long and dangerous journey. They make a long way crossing Europe and passing Middle East in order to reach India. Together friends experience a lot of exiting adventures. They have to fight terrible artificial dragon Nettlebrand, who wants to destroy all dragons and reach magical Rim of Heaven. Confrontation between Firedrake and Nettlebrand make the main external conflict of the story. Firedrake and his friends have also to fight giant eagles, wicked dwarfs and little elves. All bad characters of the novel are dark and evil and threaten Firedrake and his friends. Luckily, there are creatures, who are ready to help friends. Gain serpent, djinn and Professor Greenbloom help them to escape their enemies. All characters of the novel are interesting and unique. Each of them has something, which makes the readers care about his or her further fate. Wit dialogues makes the reading easy and interesting. Despite the book is pretty long it is read quickly. Simple narration style makes this novel a page-turner and a very enjoyable read. The book is notable by the big number of characters and succession of episodes, where main characters meet different obstacles on their way to the goal. Fantastic places and events described by the author place the reader into wonderful imaginary world, where everything is possible and mysterious creatures live next to ordinary people. The story is not only a description of Firedrake’s adventures. It is also a story of real friendship, self-sacrifice and achieving goals. Despite characters of the novel are imaginary creatures, they behave like humans and have same problems as people do. They suffer and laugh, doubt and look for important answers. The journey helps the main characters to discover inner strength and power. They learn to achieve their goals and care about the feelings of others. Orphan Ban finds friends he did not manage to meet among people. Little dragon Firedrake destroys myth about evil dragons and proves that they can be kind and caring creatures, who hurt nobody. Even Sorrel, who makes fun of everything and everybody turns to be kind-hearted and caring creature. The value of friendship is one of the main themes of the novel. The author wants to readers to understand that all creatures can exist peacefully in the Universe. People and dragons, serpents and brownies, they all can coexist peacefully. Our planet is diverse and there is enough space for everybody here. The value of human life and all creatures, which live on our planet, is another important message of the book. The main characters come to this realization by the end of the novel. In addition, they visit a lot of interesting places and discover a lot of important things about themselves. Corneila Funke wants her readers to know that any goal can be achieved if you have enough courage in your heart and true friends ready to help you. Sources Funke, Cornelia. , Dragon Rider, Published by Chicken House, 2004.

The Singer Solution To World Poverty Essay Example for Free

The Singer Solution To World Poverty Essay â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty,† philosopher Peter Singer addresses the issue of poverty by suggesting Americans give away most of their income to aid those in need. Singer believes that withholding income is the equivalence of letting a child starve to death. Therefore, Singer suggests the ethical thing to do to end world hunger is to give up everyday luxuries. Although donating a vast amount of money could help dying and starving children, Singer’s proposition is not only unrealistic but also too demanding for everyday Americans who have responsibilities of their own. Singer begins his essay with Dora, a schoolteacher, who sells an orphan awaiting to have his organs sold in a black market for a new television set. Eventually, Dora regrets her immoral decision and rescues the boy from his fate. Singer compares this act to Americans, who spend their income on food, clothes and vacations by suggesting that the money spent could have made a â€Å"difference between life and death for children in need† (327). Singer goes on to compare how the situations are similar, pointing out that the only difference is ignoring an issue that isn’t in your presence and one that is. Singer continues by calling himself a â€Å"utilitarian philosopher† and defines his character by stating that he judges acts by their consequences (327). Singer then introduces Bob and his expensive Buggati. Bob chooses to save his car from a train even though he could have saved a child’s life by destroying his prized possession, and compares this story to Americans and their lack of donations. Singer concludes with comparing income and how much a person should give away based on that number. He suggests all Americans have the choice to give up all luxuries because these sacrifices could better a child’s life. Singer targets all Americans in his essay, implying everyone needs to help. He begins with saying that two hundred dollars is enough to make a difference for a child, to declaring the only solution is to give up all luxuries. Singer uses Bob and Dora, two individuals who chose money and objects over children, and compares them to his audience. He even goes as far as to compare the lack of help Americans give starving children in Africa to Nazi Germany and those who did nothing to stop the Third Reich. He bases his logic on what the moral thing to do is. Singer attempts to guilt trip his readers by giving examples of life and death situations, in which lay in the hands of immoral people. Although Singer does mean well and wants to make a difference for those whose lives are at risk, his solution to is too demanding for everyday people and his authoritative deliverance in not very persuasive. Furthermore, Singer not only expects too much, but doesn’t realize luxuries and necessities mean different things to different people. Singer overwhelms the reader by stating one number to expecting a lot more. Singer fails to mention how much people struggle in America alone. Sure, it would be great to end world hunger, but what about giving to those in need in the US? According to Unicef, the United States has the second highest population of child poverty in the list of developed countries, (Unicef). Although it would be wonderful to be able to help all in need, sometimes it isn’t possible when Americans are struggling themselves to pay bills and raise their own. In conclusion, although Singer does have a good meaning behind his essay, he fails to persuade his audience by being too demanding. Although poverty is in fact an issue, he uses mostly exaggerated examples and guilt trips his readers by comparing them to Nazis and leads them to feel bad about themselves. Not everyone is able to help due to their own financial responsibilities, and it’s unrealistic people will give up most of their income for strangers in other countries. Despite his tone, I do believe the only way to overcome world issues it to work together, but unfortunately I don’t think Singer’s solution is a realistic solution to world poverty.

Crime Scene Investigations by First Responders

Crime Scene Investigations by First Responders Crime scenes contain the forensic evidence required to apprehend criminals. The proper collection and processing of physical evidence is of primary importance to most police investigations. Evidence can not only establish the fact of the offense and identify the perpetrator, it may even lead to a conviction. In collecting this evidence we must be conscious of the publics Fourth Amendment rights and not violate them in this collection of evidence. Unfortunately, poorly conducted crime scene investigations can sometimes either destroy evidence or render it useless. Law Enforcement should approach the crime scene investigation as if it will be their only opportunity to preserve and recover these physical clues. They should consider other case information or statements from witnesses or suspects carefully in their objective assessment of the scene. Investigations may change course a number of times during such an inquiry and physical clues, initially thought irrelevant, may become crucial to a successful resolution of the case. The primary responsibilities of the initial responder to a crime include the following: (1) to preserve life; and (2) to control suspects and witnesses. Once these two objectives have been achieved, the initial responder should focus their attention on protecting the crime scene. The initial response to an incident shall be expeditious and methodical. Upon arrival, the officer(s) shall assess the scene and treat the incident as a crime scene. The initial responder should note or log dispatch information such as names, address, time, type of call, and any other relevant information. Be aware of any persons or vehicles leaving the crime scene. The importance of preserving the scene and its adjacent areas in their original condition cannot be overemphasized. Approach the scene cautiously, scan the entire area to thoroughly assess the scene, and note any possible secondary crime scenes. Be aware of any persons and vehicles in the vicinity that may be related to the crime. Remain alert an d attentive; Assume the crime is ongoing until determined to be otherwise. also treat the location as a crime scene until assessed and determined to be otherwise. It is usually the uniformed peace officer who first arrives at the scene of a crime. After controlling any dangerous situations or persons, the initial responding officers next responsibility is to ensure that medical attention is provided to injured persons while minimizing contamination of the scene. The initial responding officer shall ensure that medical attention is provided with minimal contamination of the scene by guiding medical personnel to the victim to minimize contamination or alteration of the crime scene. Point out potential physical evidence to medical personnel, instruct them to minimize contact with such evidence (e.g., ensure that medical personnel preserve all clothing and personal effects without cutting through bullet holes, knife tears), and document movement of persons or items by medical personnel. Instruct medical personnel not to clean up the scene and to avoid removal or alteration of items originating from the scene. Protecting the evidence typically involves the establishing a perimeter. In fact, for some crime scenes, two perimeters may be appropriate (Garrison, 1994, pp. 18-20). Only the investigator in charge and those personnel that he gives permission to should be allowed to cross these boundaries (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Detectives and supervisors are normally in charge of investigations. There should, however, only be one person in charge of the crime scene itself. The first question that the investigator will ask when he arrives is as follows: Has anyone been allowed to enter the scene? (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26)? The investigator should then use whatever resources are available (e.g., barricades or other uniformed officers) to further protect the area. Such measures exclude both curious bystanders and curious officials. Investigators often must turn away any number of officialsboth in and out of uniformwho could unintentionally destroy evidence. Once the area has been secured, the investigator then carries out the duties of search commander. Initially, the commander must obtain the following information: The time of the arrival of the first officer at the scene, who was present, what was said, and whether or not everything is exactly as it was when the officer arrived (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Then, the addresses of all persons found on or adjacent to the scene should be collected. Although these people are questioned about their exact location at the time of the crime, they do not usually undergo interrogation on the spot. Rather, such persons are simply removed from the scene and separated: They should not be allowed to talk to each other until each has been carefully questioned and statements have been obtained individuals considered as suspect(s) should be read their Miranda Rights. Any violation of Fourth Amendment rights could jeopardize any evidence obtained during an interrogation or interview for use in the case at a trial. The next phase of crime scene investigation consists of surveying the scene. Defining and controlling boundaries provide a means for protecting and securing the crime scene(s). The number of crime scenes and their boundaries are determined by their location(s) and the type of crime. Boundaries shall be established beyond the initial scope of the crime scene(s) with the understanding that the boundaries can be reduced in size if necessary but cannot be as easily expanded. The investigator needs to get an over-all picture of the area in which the offense occurred (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). After a preliminary survey has been performed, the crime scene examination should be initiated. The investigator must try to start the investigation cold (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). There should be no preconceived notions of what happened, how it happened, or who might have done it. Such conclusions must be based solely on the evidence found at the scene. It is during this initial stage of the investigation, that the search commander has the scene photographed and sketched. Photography provides investigators with an accurate and permanent record. Nothing at a crime scene should ever be touched, picked up, or moved until it has been photographed. Only a true photograph can be presented in court (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). If it can be shown that something in the picture was tampered with, or that there are objects present that were not there originally, then the photograph cannot be used as evidence. Photographers should be present throughout the investigation. In addition to photographs, the search commander also has a sketch made of the area. Sketching should be started as soon as possible. These freehand drawings are typically oriented by compass directions. Moreover, the location of all sketched objects should be determined by accurate measurements. While photographs reproduce everything within the range and field of the camera l ens, sketches include only certain essential items. There are three types of crime scene photographs and sketches. These include the following: (1) those that describe the locality; (2) those that reproduce the immediate grounds; and (3) those that cover the details of the scene. Locality reproduction produces a picture of the crime scene and its surroundings. These pictures should include such things as neighboring buildings, streets, and sidewalks. Second, reproductions of the grounds should describe the crime scenes immediate surroundings (e.g., the house, the garden, etc.). Finally, a details picture shows only the scene itself (e.g., the room in which the offense was committed). During photography and sketching, the search commander must formulate a plan of action. This involves designating the various crime scene areas and objects that need to be searched and inspected. The commander must also decide how many investigators to assign to the case. Once the search has begun, it is up to the searchers to decide what objects will be dusted for latent prints and what objects will be removed as evidence. Searches need to be both thorough and accurate: Nothing should be taken for granted. Furthermore, searchers should not attempt to rely on their memories. Instead, everything of possible significance must be recorded (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). With the development of more advanced laboratory technologies, the role of physical evidence in the apprehension and prosecution of criminals has expanded considerably. It is generally assumed that by gathering more evidence, the investigator increases the likelihood of identifying the suspects (Greenwood et al., 1977, pp. 165-166). Evidence is defined as anything that may be presented in determining the truth about a fact in question (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Physical evidence has three general purposes: (1) it can verify that a crime has been committed; (2) it can identify the person or persons who committed the crime; and (3) it can exonerate all other persons who may be under suspicion. Physical evidence proving that a crime has been committed may include such things as broken door locks or bodily injury to the complainant. Evidence indicating that the suspect was at the scene of the crime can consist of fibers or injury to the suspect (Greenwood et al., 1977, pp. 143-149). T hese forms of evidence support probable cause in having a warrant issued for further investigations that lead away from the actual crime scene. There are two main types of evidence found at crime scenes: (1) fixed evidence; and (2) movable evidence. Fixed evidence includes such things as latent fingerprints, shoe prints, tire prints, tool marks, and objects which cannot be removed because of bulk, weight, or other factors. In contrast, movable evidence consists of items which can be easily removed and stored. Finally, it should also be noted that almost anything can constitute a clue in a criminal investigation. Therefore, everything must be recorded and nothing should be overlooked. Once evidence is discovered, the search commander should have its location reproduced by sketch and/or photograph. The commander then marks the evidence for purposes of identification. The searcher who discovered the evidence should stand by as a witness to this marking and handling procedure. The term, chain of custody, refers to the possession of evidence (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Investigators must be able to establish the continuous possession of evidence from the moment that it is discovered until the time that it is presented in court. By having the search commander handle all evidence, this chain of custody is reduced. In recent years, many police departments have augmented their evidence gathering capabilities by hiring additional personnel. Evidence technicians, or Crime Scene Search Officers, are highly trained crime scene processing specialists (Greenwood et al., 1977, pp. 143-149). These personnel can be dispatched just like patrol officers. Evidence technicians are generally used whenever there is retrievable physical evidence, or whenever the patrol officer feels that a photograph of the crime scene could be of benefit (Greenwood et al., 1977, pp. 143-149). A coroner may also be present at a crime scene. Coroners serve as a middle man between the medical examiner and law enforcement (Voelker, 1995, p. 1164). A coroner with forensic training may also act as a liaison between law enforcement, the media, and the public. The presence of many diverse personnel at a crime scene can give rise to conflict. However, everyone present has a specific job to do; moreover, each individual task is an important part of the entire mission. Search commanders should direct all activities such that conflict is minimized. As Dienstein (1962) emphasizes, Teamwork is essential to crime scene search (Dienstein, 1962, pp. 16-26). Besides hiring personnel, many departments are also in the process of updating their criminalist equipment. For example, Anchorage Alaskas police department recently converted a customized motor home into a modern crime scene vehicle. By making crime scene investigation faster and more thorough, such tools can improve a teams overall efficiency. There are various problems that may be encountered during crime scene investigations. Two of these include staging and contamination. Staging involves the alteration of a crime scene prior to the arrival of police. There are different reasons for staging. For one, an offender might try to direct investigators attention elsewhere. Such persons may act overly cooperative or appear extremely distraught. Second, staging can also represent an attempt to protect either the victim or the victims family. Such cases usually involve people who are concerned about the position, dress, or condition of a victims body (Douglas Munn, 1992, pp. 1-10). Perhaps the biggest problem that crime scene technicians face, however, is crime scene contamination. Sensitive forensic techniques may be adversely affected by crime scene trampling. Police departments should have a written policy regarding crime scene protection and preservation. In addition, supervisors and investigators must set an example for the entire crime scene team by adhering to the guidelines. Crime scene investigation is a complex process. It involves a number of different professionals and various areas of expertise. Only by acting as a team, however, will the members of such a diverse group ensure that their efforts result in a reasonable outcome. The alteration of a crime scene can cause investigators to draw erroneous conclusions. By expeditiously carrying out his responsibilities, the initial responder may determine the ultimate outcome of an entire investigation.

Exploring Schizophrenia Essay -- Psychology Mental Disorders Neurology

Exploring Schizophrenia Schizophrenia which affects approximately 1 percent of the population, usually begins before age 25 and persists throughout life. The illness is a life long debilitating condition for about 40% of patients and is enormously costly in both social and economic terms. Despite the presence of delusions, hallucinations and cognitive impairment which characterize the illness, overall life expectancy is not altered (although there is a significantly increased risk-of suicide in the early years). Schizophrenia is usually viewed as a functional psychosis, a label which implies that the symptoms arise from the disorderly activity of neurons without accompanying anatomical and pathological alterations of brain structure. This view is due to the failure of pathologists to find convincing pathological changes associated with the disease in the first seven decades of the century. Over the last ten years things have changed considerably. Recent CT and MRI scan, and also postmortem studies show that various brain areas of schizophrenic patients are altered. HISTORY The two key people in the history of Schizophrenia were Emil Kraepelin and Eugene Blealer. Kraepelin organized the seriously mentally ill patients by three diagnostic groups: dementia praecox, manic depressive psychosis, and paranoia. Kraeplin?s description of dementia praecox emphasize a chronic deteriorating course, in addition to including such clinical phenomena as hallucinations and delusions. Kraepelin reported that approximately 4% of his patients had complete recoveries and 13% had significant remissions. The term "manic depressive psychosis" identified patients who experienced episodes of illness separated by virtually complete remissio... .... C., Caroff, S.. Dann, R., Silver, F. L., Saykin. A/ J., Chawluk, J. B., Kushner, M., Reivich, M. Regional brain function in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 44:119, 1987- Grebb, J. A., Weinberger, D. R. and Wyatt, R. J. Schizophrenia. In Diseases of the nervous system, A. K. Asbury, G. M. McKhann, W. I. Mcdonald, editors, Vol. 2. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1986. Hamilton, M. Fish?s Clinical Psvchopathology, ed. 2, Wright, Bristol, 1985. Henn, F. A., Naerallah, H. A,, editors: Schizophrenia as a Brain Disease. Oxford, New York, 1982. Naerallah, H. A., Weinberger, D. R. The Neurology of Schizophrenia, In Handbook of Schizophrenia, H. A. Nasrallah, editor, Vol. 1., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986. Roberts, G. W. and Bruton, C. J. Notes from the graveyard: neuropathology and schizophrenia. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 16: 3-16, 1990.

Reforma Tributaria y Modernización de la Administración Tributaria :: Politicas Fiscales

Reforma Tributaria y Modernizacià ³n de la Administracià ³n Tributaria En mayo de 1992 se promulgà ³ un nuevo cà ³digo tributario que modificà ³ sustancialmente el sistema tributario anterior. Entre los objetivos que se trazà ³ esa reforma tributaria estuvieron: 1) reducir distorsiones que generaban las elevadas tasas de impuestos sobre los ingresos; 2) disminuir el sesgo que generaba el anterior sistema contra el ahorro; 3) elevar el grado de elasticidad del sistema impositivo a los cambios en los precios; 4) aumentar el peso especà ­fico de impuestos de amplia base y baja tasa, a fin de reducir la distorsià ³n que generaban los impuestos en el sistema de asignacià ³n de recursos; 5) reducir la evasià ³n fiscal; y 6) aumentar las recaudaciones y la presià ³n tributaria. La reforma tributaria redujo las tasas marginales mà ¡ximas de impuesto sobre los ingresos de las personas de 70% a 30% inicialmente, para llegar en tres aà ±os a 25%. La tasa de impuesto sobre las utilidades de las empresas se redujo de 49% a 30% inicialmente, para llegar en tres aà ±os a 25%. Se elevà ³ el deducible a RD$60,000.00 anuales. Esto implicaba que mà ¡s del 90% de los asalariados quedarà ­a prà ¡cticamente exento del pago del impuesto sobre la renta. Esta exencià ³n elevà ³ el grado de progresividad del sistema impositivo. A nivel del impuesto selectivo al consumo, especà ­ficamente el que grava el consumo de cigarrillos y bebidas alcohà ³licas, se sustituyeron las tasas especà ­ficas por tasas ad-valorem. Las tasas establecidas, sin embargo, quedaron muy por debajo de las inicialmente propuestas. En 1995 estas tasas fueron elevadas a 20% y 25% , lo que todavà ­a las dejaba por debajo de la propuesta inicial de 30%. Finalmente, la base imponible del ITBIS f ue aumentada y la base elevada de 6% a 8%, por debajo del 10% que se habà ­a propuesto inicialmente. Los ingresos fiscales y la presià ³n tributaria aumentaron de manera apreciable, alcanzando esta à ºltima 14.4% en 1995. Sin embargo, el aumento de las recaudaciones no se ha debido a la puesta en marcha de un nuevo Cà ³digo Tributario, sino a las mayores recaudaciones de las aduanas, producto en gran parte, de la adopcià ³n de la tasa de cambio del mercado libre para liquidar los impuestos sobre las importaciones, y al establecimiento ad-hoc de un apreciable diferencial en el precio aplicado al consumo de los combustibles. El 42% de los ingresos tributarios en 1996 se debià ³ a los impuestos sobre las importaciones y al diferencial del petrà ³leo.

Macbeth Contextualize Analyze And Personalize

He felt like maybe he shouldn't have done what he did. Lastly, Machete's psychological state is that he is feeling suspicious about how Duncan and Banquet are acting. Analyze- In this scene , something that is revealed is that Macbeth immediately realizes that the fulfillment of the prediction may require conspiracy and murder on his part. One thing that Machete's words in this scene mean to me is that things can be good but also be terribly bad at the same time.Also, life can be hard at times, but you have to push through it the best you can. You can't let the bad things overtake the good in life. Think the most important words in this aside are when Macbeth says he is Thane of Castor. These are the most important words because even though some people may not want him to be king there isn't anything they can do about it for it to change. Personalize- My reaction to these lines are that there is a lot of defense coming from Macbeth, like he is lining guilty or ashamed about being kin g.I feel like Macbeth is trying to get a point across to Banquet, that he knows Banquet wants to be king but he will never feel the joy that Macbeth feels. Banquet will never have the power of being king. The way would deal with the situation would most likely be the same way Macbeth did. He seemed very calm about it. He didn't really get violent, he just stated that he was King, and there's no way to change it.

Prejudice Intertextuality Essay

â€Å"Why does he hate me so much? Is it me personally or just what I am? † I have chosen to explore the idea of prejudice (judgments of a person based on race, gender, social class, and religion or group associations. ) These themes are evident in the short film ‘Chinese Whispers’ directed by Neil Paddington and Stuart McKenzie, and in three written texts ‘Noughts and Crosses’ by Malorie Blackman, ‘Patches Hide No Scars’ by Haree Williams and ‘On the Sidewalk Bleeding’ by Evan Hunter. â€Å"I used to comfort myself with the belief that it was only certain individuals and their peculiar notions that spoilt things for the rest of us.  But how many individuals does it take before it’s not the individuals who are prejudiced but society itself? † ‘Noughts and Crosses’ is a powerfully written, fictional novel about two teenagers Callum (a nought) and Sephy (a cross), who are stuck in a racist dystopia separated only by skin colour. In Malorie Blackman’s imaginative novel the characters are either a â€Å"black dagger bitch† or a â€Å"white blanker bastard. † Callum and Sephy are surrounded by a hierarchy, in which Noughts are considered second-class citizens and forbidden to be together. This disturbed society shows a racial prejudice in which interracial relationships are not allowed and there is favoritism towards the Crosses. â€Å"You’re a Nought and I’m a Cross and there’s nowhere for us to be, nowhere for us to go where we’d be left in peace†¦ That’s why I started crying. That’s why I couldn’t stop. For all the things we might’ve had and all the things we’re never going to have. † This example shows the desperation of Sephy as she realizes that because of the prejudices of her society she will never be allowed to be with Callum. This film relates back to events in the past in ‘our’ world with issues such as discrimination and the mistreatment of people of a particular race or religion. An example of this is the class-system in America. For many years African-Americans, (like Noughts), were judged by their skin colour and treated as inferior beings. Author Malorie Blackman used specific examples from events in the Black Civil Rights movement in the novel to add impact to her novel. An example used is the pioneering achievements of Robert Peary. Examples like these show that Noughts’ achievements are undervalued or ignored because they have white skin. I strongly believe it is important for children of today to be educated on issues like these to remove all racisim. ‘The Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ states â€Å"all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights†¦. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. This novel has made me believe in the importance of educating young people on events and issues, like genocide (eg the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, only 18 years ago, where an estimated 7 Tutsi citizens were brutally murdered every minute for 100 days! ) and racism, in order to prevent the future from becoming a place like in ‘Noughts and Crosses’. How are we to learn from the mistakes of mankind if we are never educated on them? â€Å"Dreams of living in a world with no more discrimination, no more prejudice, a fair police force, an equal justice system, equality of education, equality of life, a level playing field†¦ † His name is Andy. † This gang related short story â€Å"On the Sidewalk Bleeding† relates to the theme of prejudice by exploring the idea of lost identity through group association. At the exposition of this story, Andy (a member of the ‘Royal’ gang) is stabbed by a rival gang (‘The Guardians’) during a ‘rumble’. The plot then follows Andy’s thought path as he slowly bleeds to death. â€Å"The knife had not been plunged in hatred of Andy. The knife hated only the purple jacket. The jacket was as stupid meaningless thing that was robbing him of his life. † Andy wears a purple silk shirt, a symbol of his membership with the ‘Royals’. In his dying moments Andy comes to the realization that people don’t see him as Andy, a human being, but a member of the ‘Royals’. At the climax of the short story Andy uses his last strength to take off the jacket so that he can be Andy again. â€Å"I want to Andy. † Sadly, just after his death, Andy’s girlfriend Laura, finds Andy’s dead body and races off to find a police officer. The police officer sees the purple ‘Royal’ jacket next to Andy’s body, the officer then proceeds to say â€Å"A Royal, huh. † This shows that Andy’s efforts to remove himself from the gang have failed as the police officer judges him by the sight of the jacket. The police officer associates Andy as a part of the gang the ‘Royals’ and doesn’t see him as Andy, a sixteen year old boy. This short story by Evan Hunter has shown me how easily a person’s identity can be lost through association and how people can perceive you as a member of a group not an individual because of an item of clothing. â€Å"The world didn’t know he was Andy. † ‘Chinese Whispers’ directed by Stuart McKenzie and Neil Paddington also relates to racial prejudice or judgments based on race before actually meeting a person. The short film â€Å"Chinese Whispers† is based around Wellington teenager Vincent Chan’s struggle to fit in. Vincent confused by the two diverse aspects of his culture. At the beginning of the film Vincent lives in fear of encounters with xenophobic bogans who dislike and harass Vincent because he is Chinese. â€Å"Vincent is ashamed to be Chinese. † Vincent feels pressure to conform to the ‘social norm’ of his age group. He turns his back on his father’s cultural ways and instead joins Swan’s triad gang. Swan offers Vincent an illicit world of reward. Vincent sees this as an opportunity to stand up to xenophobic bogans but by joining the gang Vincent isolates himself from his family. Directors Neil Paddington and Stuart McKenzie use dark, blue lightening in many of the scenes in ‘Chinese Whispers’ to portray the sad, sinister world Vincent is being lured into. This is an effective visual feature because it stresses the consequences of Vincent’s decisions. An example of this is Vincent’s decision to conform to the Triad ways by taking illegal narcotics. Blue lighting is also used when Vincent’s father is sitting in a room lonely and longing for his distant son. This New Zealand film has made me more aware of the Chinese struggles in New Zealand. ‘Chinese Whispers’ has given me deep insight into the Chinese point of view and the pressures they withstand. It has shown me the importance of being accepting of minorities and their differences. Stuart McKenzie’s and Neil Paddington’s film has also shown me how important it is to end xenophobia and prejudices in order to help people like Vincent Chan to make better decisions to keep a balance between their culture and fitting in to society. All men are dangerous brutes, intruders, vagrants. † Haree William’s poem ‘Patches Hide No Scars’ refers to young Maoris, turning their back on the way of their ancestors preferring the â€Å"direction, discipline and orders† of gang life. This New Zealand poem has captured the sad truth about the loss of the Maori culture as the lost youths turn to gang membership in a search to add meaning to their lives. ‘Patches Hide No Scars’ relates to the idea of prejudice by describing the members of Maori gangs as one group, a whole, not a group of individuals. How do we prosecute those already punished? How do we fine those lost in the street of no direction? † Throughout this short text author Haree Williams continually uses words like ‘we’ and ‘those/them’, by doing this the gangs (‘those’) are separated from the rest of society (‘we’). By doing this Maori gangs distance from the rest of New Zealand is emphasized. This poem has raised questions to me: why do these youths find security in the rules and orders of gangs but not the rules and orders of regular jobs or life in the ‘normal’ society? And what is society doing to make the youngsters of the Maori race feel like they do not belong in society? By reading and viewing these texts, ‘Noughts and Crosses’, ‘Chinese Whispers’, â€Å"Patches Hide No Scars’ and ‘On the Sidewalk Bleeding’, I have learnt of the struggles and pressures many people, fictional or not, suffer through due to the prejudices of modern society. â€Å"And just like that, I’d been assessed and judged. Nurse Fashoda didn’t know the first thing about me but she’d taken one look at my face and now she reckoned she knew my whole life story. †

Hrm 533 Assmt 3 Template

Assignment 3 Name: (Your Name) For Dr. Larry Byrd HRM533 Date: (Today’s date) (Title) Organization Overview This paper will discuss the total rewards program for (Name of the Company, real or otherwise). This company is (Complete this paragraph briefly describing the company and its requirements/needs for a total rewards system. You should remember that this company is diverse and in multiple countries. ) Total Rewards StrategyIn order to meet these needs, the company HR must accomplish the elements discussed in the succeeding paragraphs that address the fundamentals of this type of total rewards system while complying with the regulatory environments. (see pages 24—27) The first element is (Complete the paragraph stating the first thing HR needs to do. ) The second element is (Complete the paragraph stating the next thing HR needs to do. ) (Continue writing paragraphs with this beginning until you have fully explained the elements that must be accomplished by the compe nsation system. System Advantages There are several advantages to this total rewards system as described above, and they are discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. The first advantage is (Complete the paragraph stating the advantage and how it meets the employees’ needs. ) The second advantage is (Complete the paragraph stating the advantage and how it meets the employees’ needs. ) (Continue writing paragraphs with this beginning until you have exhausted the advantages. ) Communicating the Plan For a total rewards system to be successful, it must be clearly and widely communicated.The succeeding paragraphs describe the richness of the plan to be communicated. (see pages 64—71) The first component of the plan is (Complete the paragraph. ) The second component of the plan is (Complete the paragraph. ) (Continue writing paragraphs with this beginning until you have exhausted the components of the plan. ) Ensuring the Plan is Competitive Additionally, for a total r ewards plan to be successful, external equity must be ensured. The succeeding paragraphs describe the steps that (Company name) will take to ensure the competitiveness of the plan. see chapters 8 and 9) The first step is (Complete this paragraph describing the first step the company needs to take to ensure competitiveness. ) The second step is (Complete this paragraph describing the first step the company needs to take to ensure competitiveness. ) (Continue writing paragraphs with this beginning until you have exhausted the steps for ensuring the competitiveness of the plan. ) (Do not forget your references. For detailed APA instructions, see the Additional Resources at the bottom of the Student Center. )

Manuela Almeida

The teenage years are for some the most traumatic or wonderful years they will ever experience.   Many experiences through these years decide how individuals will act as adults, the paths they will take in life, the careers they will choose, and if and how they raise their families.   I remember a choice that I made as a teenager that would forever change my life.   To this day, that choice still affects me. Choosing not to go to a party with my friends saved my life.   My friends were in a terrible car accident leaving the party, and one of them did not survive.   This experience has affected the choices I make today.   Because of the loss of my friend, I do not take unnecessary risks, I monitor my behavior in social situations, and I have a greater respect for life. Losing my friend when I was a teenager has made me very cautious about getting into potentially dangerous situations.   Just as the night I chose not to go to the party, I often opt out of celebrations that involve alcohol or have the potential to offer drugs.   I usually will go to the coffee shop or to dinner with a friend or family member instead.   Potentially dangerous or volatile friends scare me as well.   I don’t get close to risk takers for the fear of losing them. My group of friends in high school was a little bit wild, and since the night of the party that took my friend’s life, I have changed my circle of friends.   I don’t go to the clubs to drink, but will go to dance every now and again if I am going with another friend who is also planning on staying sober.   Even when I stay in, I do not partake in risky behaviors.   I do not drink alcohol or take drugs.   Unnecessary risks are just that; unnecessary. â€Å"Going out† doesn’t mean the same thing to me now as it did to me in high school.   Then, it was all about finding a place to party, listening to music, drinking alcohol illegally, and â€Å"hooking† up with people.   Since that fateful night years ago, I monitor my behavior in social situations very carefully.   Before even going out, I make sure that I have a safe friend to accompany me. I make sure that I am always prepared with a cell phone and extra money in case something happens and that someone in my family knows where I am at all times.   When I do go to a club to do some dancing, I don’t drink, and I leave well before 1 a.m., which is when people seem to be getting the most drunk and impaired.   Again, I try not to attract any risky people by portraying myself as wild.   I keep a careful eye on what is going on around me at all times.   I can still have fun, don’t get me wrong, but my friend’s death is never far from my memory when I am around alcohol. Since the loss of my friend, I value life much more.   As a teen, I thought I was invincible and that I knew it all, as most teens do.   I snuck around behind my parent’s backs without permission to do the things I wanted to do.   I knew it was wrong, but I didn’t care.   I did not see the value in my young life and the potential that I had for my future.   I did not care about my parents or family members’ feelings; I was very self-centered.   I just wanted to have fun and â€Å"live my life†. The moment I lost my friend, I realized that the only people who were guaranteed to be there for me through my life were my parents and my family.   I turned to them for support and guidance through the ordeal.   They became more special to me than they had been in a long time, and I valued them.   I also valued myself more since I saw how important I was to them.   I witnessed the grief of my friend’s family members and could not imagine my family having to face the same fate unnecessarily.   If I could prevent something terrible from happening to me, I would do that not only for myself, but for them as well. Teenagers think they are invincible.   They take risks.   Part of this is just growing up.   I took some risks that could have ended my life, and so did my friends.   Fortunately, I skipped out on that night and made a better choice.   Since that night I have also made better choices and it has improved my life tremendously.   I watch what I do and where I do it.   I am aware of my surroundings at all times.   I reach out to my family and keep in touch with them and let them know that I am OK.   I value my family and their support and love and realize what a special person I am in this world to them.   Because of tragedy, I have become a better person.   My friend’s death still haunts me, but it also keeps me sober and aware of my own precious life.

Booker T. Washington Up From Salvery

Booker T. Washington is from slavery booker T. Washington, a famous autobiography. You think you are having a childhood you will never forget. Good booker T. Washington. Between 1858 and 1864, Mr. Washington used the majority of his childhood as a slave; he, his mother, his brother John, and his sister Amanda. Because Mr. Washington and his family are slaves, they do not have one of the best houses in the plantation. In fact, on the jagged side, there is no bed, fireplace, even the floor, and the house is a little more, and the cabin is more than just a cabin, but the plantation kitchen. Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington was born on April 5, 1865. He was born slavery at the James Barlow family farm in Virginia. No one knows Father of Booker T. Washington except that he is Caucasian. After the civil war, Brown Washington worked in a salt furnace and went to school in three months a year. At the age of 17, he was admitted to the Hamptons Institute in Virginia. - Booker T. Washi ngton Booker T. Washington is a wonderful leader. He helps the black community get stronger. His goal is hard to come by thinking about his life. America in the Washington period is under reconstruction. According to the law, blacks are the same as anyone else. Slavery has been abolished and many southern people have this problem. Booker T. Washington is from slavery booker T. Washington, a famous autobiography. You think you are having a childhood you will never forget. Good booker T. Washington. Between 1858 and 1864, Mr. Washington used the majority of his childhood as a slave; he, his mother, his brother John, and his sister Amanda. Because Mr. Washington and his family are slaves, they do not have one of the best houses in the plantation. - Booker T. Washington has a big impact on the black community. The effort to make this person such a great leader is incredible. Booker T. Washington is from zero. He is a black slave and has little life choice. He was born in Virginia in 185 6. He has a white father and a black mother. After the liberation declaration, he went to work at the coal mine, but he was still a child. This rising from slavery is a 9 year old slave named Booker T. Washington living in a plantation in Virginia. Booker T. Washington will describe his childhood as a slave and the hard work he made to receive education. Booker T. Washington shared the details of the change he experienced from the student to the teacher. He also outlined the experience as an educator and how he supported the opening and opening of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Booker T. explains when Tuskegee started working in a small hut until now in a new building. In the last chapter, I will explain Booker T's speakers and civil rights activists. Booker T. mentioned the Atlanta cotton domestic and international exposition in 1895. He finished talking and his work received some recognition, including an honors degree from Harvard University.

Critical Historical Film Review Essay 300 words

Critical Historical Film Review 300 words - Essay Example However, the German armored vehicles used in World War II were much harder to depict as very few exist in operating condition.1 The movie counters images of warriors portraying heroism by disclosing the real horror of combat and is in a lot of ways an antiwar story. Although this film depicts war brutality, it preserves the American soldiers’ likeness in World War II as being naturally reluctant to cruelty and bloodshed. The argument presented by this story would have been well reciprocated by a 1940s audience since an American soldier was seen to be patriotic. Further, a family man who went to the battle field was viewed as serving his obligation to both his country and family. In this view, it is in order to conclude that the film’s depiction of the actual happenings of the historical event was quite accurate.2 Â  However, this film is portrayed not as a 1940s production, but as a late 20th century production owing to Spielberg’s emphasis on heroism by an individual at the expense of the democratic community. In the 1940s, the realization of democracy rested on a sagacity of reciprocity of individuals and institutions largely governing their lives. Spielberg’s story of moral men represents to a great extent the concern of the late twentieth century with the singular person in the past, present, and

The Rights of Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Rights of Animals - Essay Example It will support Singer's argument and present logical reasons to state the case. It will also dispel common fallacies of the opposition view and confront the objections raised most often A vegetarian diet is as healthy as a diet containing meat and in many cases has been shown to be healthier. Meat is not necessary to feed mankind as the amount of vegetable nutrition required to produce meat far outpaces the food value of the meat produced. Having accepted that we can subsist adequately on a vegetarian diet, it becomes imperative that we consider the rights of animals and extend moral dignity to all species. To explore the rights of animals, as equals, mandates that we first define equality as it relates to humans. We do not define equal rights for humans in terms of our willingness to overlook our differences. All humans have physical differences and diverse capabilities. These differences; mental agility, physical prowess, and beauty are accepted as part of being human. This can be illustrated with our concept of equality as it relates to differing ages, the ability to play music, or being multi-lingual. These differences do not limit a human's right to equality. Being equal is not a mere matter of accepting our differences. This absurd extension of reasoning would justify treating a bridge as equal to a human. Our differences are not relevant to the argument. The definition of equality lies not in our ability to overlook difference, but to identify and acknowledge what common thread binds us as human beings. When we examine the human race to determine where our sameness lies, physical and cognitive attributes are soon discarded. The wide range of attributes on the physical plane among humans immediately rejects anything material as sameness. We must therefore look to mental conditions, and awareness of that condition, to evaluate our sameness. On a simple plane of mental agility, we recognize differences in our abilities at work and in scholarly endeavors. Our sameness lies beyond our brain's ability to calculate and resides in deeper levels of consciousness. We ascribe our sameness to self-awareness, concept of past and future, and the ability to feel emotion. These are the concepts that are presumed to be unique to humans by those willing to disregard the rights of animals. Self-awareness is not the sole property of the human race. Animals are acutely aware of their self, their image, and their limitations. A cat will groom itself and will understand where the cat ends and the rest of the universe begins. Animals express their self-awareness in many aspects and in all species. Birds will display plumage and color to attract a mate. They will signal their mate with audible as well as visual indications. They are expressing their self-awareness. The human concept of past and future is reflected in our ability to learn from mistakes, plan for the future, and our appreciation of history. Animals routinely learn from trial and error. The error may result in inhumane punishment as in a training situation when a dog learns obedience. Animals obviously learn to hunt and adjust their method based on success or failure. Hunting and socialization is passed from each generation to the younger members of animal societies. As well as they learn and remember the past, it may also be shown that they exhibit grief at the death of a mate or social group member. Displays of anxiety are commonplace whether we observe

Challenges and Solutions to Organizational Knowledge Management in Essay

Challenges and Solutions to Organizational Knowledge Management in KBMS - Essay Example Basically, a knowledge base is a special kind of database for knowledge management. According to Bellinger, Castro, & Mill, knowledge is defined as the application of data and information; answers "how" questions. It deals with collection of information such that its intent is to be useful. In an organization, knowledge is used on the day to day basis in the running of the affairs of the company. Andriopoulos & Dawson (20) suggest that managing change, creativity & innovation is the most crucial aspect for organisations to survive as we move into a knowledge economy. Knowledge is used in the operations of the organization so that it can achieve its desired goals. The main challenge of managing knowledge is that it is not static given that it changes depending on the changes taking place in the environment in which the organization operates. During the contemporary period, it can be noted that organisations operate in a dynamic environment which changes on a daily basis. In order to keep pace with these changes, the organization ought to develop and manage knowledge that can be used in the operations of the company. Since knowledge is not static, it can be seen that what was previously regarded as useful knowledge to the organization may not be relevant in the future operations of the organization. Therefore, this is a challenge to the organization since it ought to upgrade its knowledge system periodically so as to be able to keep pace with the changes and developments that can take place in the environment in which it operates. This may not be an easy task since it may be difficult to predict what is seen as important in managing knowledge in the company. In order to deal with the above mentioned challenge, particular attention should be paid to continued learning in the organization which can help it to gain a competitive edge over other rival competitors operating in the same environment. According to Schultz (164), learning in an organization is

Poverty in Sierra Leo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty in Sierra Leo - Essay Example The destruction of the infrastructure and the decline of the economy led to impoverishing of various communities. Such poverty was evidenced by poor health and nutrition indicators. The economy of Sierra Leone has for a considerably long time been distinguished by high unemployment and inflation rates (Christiaensen et al, 2002). Majority of the unemployed youths are former combatants that have no stable source of income. Such unemployed youthful population remains a principal threat to national security and economic stability. In simpler terms; unemployed youths enhance insecurity and other social evils such as prostitution. This paper seeks to explain poverty in the context of Sierra Leone, a country that has been defined as the poorest country in the world for a considerably long time. Sierra Leone is a third world nation or banana republic in West Africa. It has a total population of just about six million people from different communities and a diversity of cultures. Considered one of the most financially weakest countries in the entire world, Sierra Leone is not expected to be self-sufficient anytime soon, thanks to the ten-year-old internal armed conflict (Fosu, 2009). The civil war that lasted from late nineteen ninety to mid two thousand and two was brought to a standstill by the joint effort of such African countries as Kenya and Nigeria. The African Union made a unanimous decision to intervene after the war proved to be endless and detrimental to the interests of the economy as a whole. Today, Sierra Leone is one of the countries gaining economic stability having indicated a 7% per annum growth rate. Sierra Leone has placed reliance on international donors and well-wishers for the reconstruction of the entire economy. Democratization and stabilization of the political climate are among the major concerns of the civilized members of the society. According to UN agencies, Sierra Leone is fast moving towards macroeconomic stability. This is to say that the third world country has invested a lot of time and resources in dealing with such macroeconomic variables such as unemployment, inflation, and population growth rate (Manson & Knight, 2009). Among the poorest people in Sierra Leone are the people rendered landless by the internal armed conflicts. Small-scale farmers and single mothers heading families constitute a great percentage of the poor rural population. People that were internally displaced by the civil war are destitute and own or access no resources. As such, they resort to such desperate measures as begging or working for little pay so as to support their survival. It is estimated that 75% of the people of Sierra Leone live below the poverty line, with 27% living in extreme abject poverty. This was according to a 2005 research, which established that fifty percent of the entire populace lives on slightly less than one US dollar per day. According to the records of the year 2005, 80% of the people living in the rural ar eas lived in extreme poverty. Similarly, the people of the eastern districts were hard hit by the civil strife and lived in extreme poverty (Manson & Knight, 2009). Internal displacement was a common phenomenon that was brought about by fear and lack of foresight.

The Dani, Papua New Guinea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dani, Papua New Guinea - Essay Example The irrigated land is provided freely for use by any member without prior payments or negotiations. Land ownership by an individual is rare since its vested in kins’ and only allocated in times of need. An individual may own the plantation but not the land. The heirs’ give the landowners gifts and offerings before using the land. Failure to do so will result in dispossession of the property by the landowners (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). Based on Zimmer & Amakoshi (2007) horticulture is routine by cultivation of sweet potatoes in large fields of valley bounded by ditches. Plantation is carried out year round where every family possess a portion of the harvest. The ditches assist in drainage of water during wet seasons and deliverance of spring water during dry spells. Additionally, they also serve as mulching basins. The ditches further prevent unwanted pigs form the farms. Other staple foods include starchy vegetables like yams, rice, wild sago, taro and breadfruit; supplemented by bananas, wild greens, mangos and coconuts. Hunting is also practiced which provides meat from fowl, pigs, marsupials, cassowaries and turtles. Each household practice pig keeping. The pigs are only slaughtered and consumed during special occasions (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). The community holds plenty of ceremonies and hence each Dani member receives pork every week. Domestication of pigs is highly significant that specific medical practices are carried out in order to assist them grow. The male pigs are castrated so as to control breeding and increase their sizes. Every Dani member participates in food production. However, the members cultivate their farms using manual labor whereby they incorporate inferior methods and technologies. Sweet potatoes are planted as monocrops in the irrigated fields whereby the soils are dug using sharp poles. Their harvest is enormous whereby it supports a population-density of more than 400/square mile (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). The

How broadway shows contribute to New York economy Term Paper

How broadway shows contribute to New York economy - Term Paper Example Live musical theatre on Broadway has been a major New York City tourist attraction, since 18th century and it has survived depression, war and major technological changes(Mulder,24). Broadway theatre means a vital New York city industry with box office revenue exceeding millions of dollars in a particular season. During 2000 and 2001, the ticket price of Broadway theatrical shows exceeded the limits and set record prices. The Broadway theatre industry is the single largest tourist attraction in the New York City and nothing could take its place for entertainment. It is evident here that millions of people attend this shows and the collection from these can contribute largely to the economy of the New York City. The main contribution by Broadway to the New York economy directly comes from the expense of the production itself. It has been revealed that the Broadway company’s expense on services, pay roll and running of the shows itself added 1.5 $ Billion to the city’s ec onomy. Moreover the Broadway companies spend millions of dollars on the salaries and other services for the running of the shows. ... Today the population of New York City is more than 8 million, and Broadway entertainment is a key industry which contributes to New York’s economy. It would not be a surprising fact to mention that Broadway theatres are a solace to people in the midst of turmoil and fast life of the city. New Yorkers attend theatre shows and musicals to get away from the stressful life of the city and to indulge in little pleasure. Moreover, the tourist which attends the theatres also spends on hotel stays, dining other activities which add up to the profitability of the city. According to (Healy)â€Å"Preview of the new Broadway revival of â€Å"West Side Story† across New York theaters: drew gross revenues of more than $1 million in each of its first two weeks, this shows that the appetite for plays and musicals is alive and well despite the recession†. Even in recession times the audience and the producers have not given up on theatres which reflect that the contribution to ec onomy is still intact for New York City. It is surprising that no production in Broadway have ceased due to recession or economic downturn. Instead 43 productions got initiated during 2008-2009 seasons even though it was recession times. This was an excellent statistical figure for entertainment sector, especially in the phase of recession. In 2008-2009 seasons, the Broadway industry gave away $9.8 billion to the New York City economy and supported 84,400 jobs. The spending is mainly in three fields: producers spending to run the shows; the theatre owners spending on venue maintenance and renovation; and money spend by non- New York city resident s to attend the Broadway shows. The money that is spending in these areas is circulated with spending on other facilities and finally

Marketing assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing - Assignment Example for this car therefore needs to target the middle class in the society, as they are the people most concerned about the environment and prices of fuel (Becker, 2010). To reach this target group, the advertisement for the hybrid cars needs to be in television at prime times. The middle class are working people and are not available to watch television during the days. However, most of them are keen followers of the evening news. Placing the advertisement at such a time is there fore likely to catch their attention. The middle class are also keen followers of sports in the weekend. In the United States, the follow American football and baseball, in Europe, the most popular sport is football. Therefore, it would be productive to advertise the car during sports or by sponsoring team kits such that a popular team plays in labeled kits (for instance Juventus is a big soccer club in Europe and play in kits marked ‘jeep’) (Becker, 2010). Such advertisements may work wonders, as the audience is relaxed when watching the game and more likely to notice the advert (Becker, 2010). Inclusion of impressive statistics about the car is also helpful as the target group is interested in a car that offers them comfort as well as power on the road. This target group is also knowledgeable and is bound to know the limitations of a ‘green car’. These limitations include short refueling mileage (electric cars should recharge after between 100 and 160 miles) (Fort Bend Toyota in Richmond, par 3). This distance is too small a hybrid car covers more distance, more than 300 miles. Inclusion of this kind of information in the adverts is likely to persuade potential buyers with reservations about the refueling mileage to change their minds. The advertisements should also show the amount of money that the user would save on fuel by using the hybrid cars. The main advantages of use of television and sports endorsements are a wide area of coverage as well as the discounts related to

Culture and People Essay Example for Free

Culture and People Essay Does culture have an impact on who we are? Have you ever notice that what is the main difference between people around the world? People eat different foods, wear variant clothes, believe in various things, and have different appearances but the main difference is how people behave and this difference comes from their culture. Culture is the shared knowledge and schemes created by a set of people for interpreting, expressing, and responding to the social realities around them. Culture means the series of norms and values that the public believe in and behave accordingly. These beliefs comes from parents and goes from one generation to another and influence people’s behavior. Culture has an impact on people’s life because it affects people’s life, their society, and the world. Parents are the first teachers that kids learn lot of things from their fathers and mothers. The environment of a family that a child grow up in is the most important thing that influences her/his behavior because children learn how to live like their parents and parents try to teach their children the culture that their society has. People are influenced by their culture and sometimes more than one culture can be influencing a person, such as Native Tribes living in a modern society. If people from different Countries were raised in the same society then those people would have the same culture and those people would believe in the same things. Traditions help people to show their beliefs, for example Halloween is a holiday that is showing what American people celebrate, it represents as a symbol for American culture. Most people would agree that their own has been important to their shaping and development, enriched their lives and often, led to their life decisions but their culture is the products of human action which is inherited independently of the biological genes. The way that one person think not only affects people around that person but it also affects that Society. The difference between cultures will never end because it is hard to change what people believe In. People may learn lot of things from their friends but when a person wants to make a decision he/she will always compare it with her/his culture. For example personal zone is one of the traditions that most of the American people do. In the personal zone, the conversation gets more direct, and this is a good distance for two people who are talking in earnest about something. Society has always been impacted by technology. Each invention has affected how people relate to one another and how cultures have expanded or ended. Technology impacts how cities grow, where people live, and who owns what. Technologies are the reason a few people are very rich, that people are more social, and that teaching and learning is changing. People in the 21st century are at a crucial time in history where as educators can make a difference in how students interact with one another and make a place in society. People developed a language so they could communicate and invented tools for agriculture, to build homes, and to create weapons for hunting and protection. Over time many people have been influenced by other cultures and that is where different cultures meet each other. So this is the cultural evolution which people affect other cultures and cultures affect people as well. For example when a person moves to another country he/she gets influenced by that country’s culture and also that person can affect her/his society too. People’s culture influences their belief system which affects the way that people see the world . Although culture is integrated with sociology, anthropology, psychology, religions , and other aspects however this paper focuses on people’s behavior, globalism, and the cultural evolution. Culture makes societies unique, making it an essential element in influencing people’s everyday lives. It is also important to be able to recognize and respect other cultures, and not believe ones own culture is more valuable or superior than the rest. Hope that one day there would be peace all around the world and all people would speak the same language.

Aerobic Bacteria Associated with Septic Abortion

Aerobic Bacteria Associated with Septic Abortion Aerobic bacteria associated with septic abortion among Sudanese women Yagoub Hamadt Allah Elhaj Abd Elseed1*, Mohamed, A E.M. Ibrahim2 Waled Amen Mohammed Ahmed3 Abstract Background: Septic abortion is a common health problem with short- and long-term complications that affect the quality of life of those fortunate enough to avoid mortality. Both spontaneous and induced abortion may result in septic complications. Objective: This study aimed to isolate and identify aerobic bacterial causative agents of septic abortion in Sudan. Method: A descriptive study was conducted in the period from March 2013 till June 2013 in Gynecological Unit in Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Sudan. Thirty women with vaginal bleeding in the unit were included in the study. Thirty high vaginal swabs and cervical swabs were collected from the selected ladies admitted to the hospital with bleeding. Results: The prevalence of abortion was as fallows, in age group(20-25) abortion cases were (13.3%), in group(26-30) abortion cases were (33.3%), in group(31-35) cases were (20%), in group(36-40) cases were (33.3%) (P > 0.05). Isolated bacteria from those cases were; Staphylococcus epidermidis (86.2%), Klebsiella ozaenae (6.9%), Proteus mirabilis (3.4%), Escherichia coli (3.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%). The present study showed that induced abortion (73.3%) was insignificantly more than habitual abortion (26.3%), (P=0.07). Conclusion: The major isolated organism was Staphylococcus epidermidis (86.2%), which was isolated from both complete and initial cases. But aerobic pathogenic bacteria isolated were Klebseilla ozaenae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Keywords: Septic abortion, vaginal swab, pregnant women, Stahpylococcus epidermidis. Introduction: Septic abortions contribute significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Improving literacy rate in the female population and effective family planning should reduce its incidence [1]. In 1900, the rationale of therapy of the incomplete septic abortion was divided into a medical or surgical approach. Medical therapy comprising oxytocic, bed rest and supportive measures theoretically decreased the incidence of sepsis, while increasing the problem of blood loss and prolonged hospitalization. The surgical approach classified by some as controlled blood loss but theoretically increased the incidence of sepsis [1]. In 1973, a report described an adolescent admitted to a large Boston Teaching Hospital with what proved to be incomplete septic abortion [2]. Deaths from illegal abortion are mainly due to infection[2,3].Additional to that At 1990 a review of deaths due to abortion in the united states noted that 62 percent of the deaths from illegal abortion and 51 percent of deaths from spontaneous abortion were due to infection, as compared which only 21 percent of death from legal abortion [4] . Mccormick (I944) estimated that 3,500 women died annually in America from this complication of pregnancy and a recent estimate in Turkey suggested that 10,000 women a year died from this cause in that country[5]. A recent publication by Sedgh et al. (2007) estimated that a total of 42 million abortions were performed in 2003, down from 46 million estimated for 1995 using the same methods. The same study showed that 20% of all pregnancies, including miscarriages and stillbirths, terminate in abortion each year. This means that one out of every five pregnancies worldwide is voluntarily terminated annually, a statistic that illustrates its enormous dimensions. Expressed another way, the worldwide rate of induced abortion was approximately 29 per 1000 women between ages 15 and 44 years in 2003, down from 35 per 1000 in 1995. This means that globally one out of every 34 women within that age range has an abortion each year [6]. On the basis of verbal autopsy data and hospital records it is estimated that approximately 25% of maternal deaths are caused by hemorrhage, 15% by infection,12% by pregnancy-induced hypertension, and 8% by obstructed labor[7]. At the last years it has been observed that there is an increase in the prevalence of septic abortion among pregnant women, and its complication upon community. Septic abortion is considered nowadays one of the most important issues concerning Maternal health .There are not much studies traced in Sudan investigating the septic abortion prevalence and its causative agent. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and identify aerobic bacterial causative agents of septic abortion in Khartoum, Sudan. Material and Method This is a descriptive study. It had been conducted among pregnant women in age of (20 – 40 ) years, who are being admitted to the Gynecology bleeding emergency room of Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Sudan, in the period from March 2013 till June 2013. High vaginal swabs: After the introduction of the speculum, the swab should be rolled firmly over the surface of the vaginal vault. The swab should then be placed in Amies transport medium with charcoal or/and Stuarts transport medium. Cervical swabs: After introduction of the speculum to the vagina, the swab should be rotated inside the endocervix. The swab should then be placed in Amies transport medium with charcoal or Stuarts transport medium. Then all collected specimens were inoculated on Blood agar (aerobic 370c), chocolate agar (aerobic 370c and 5-10% co2) and Macconkey agar (aerobic 370c). Incubated for overnight based on report done by Fawad A. et al 2008[8], when puerperal sepsis or septic abortion is suspected inoculate the specimen on two plates of blood agar and incubate aerobically at 35–370C overnight. Inoculate the specimen on Macconkey agar and incubate the plate aerobically at 35–370c overnight [8]. Examine the colonies for Gram stained smear: It is done to examine the smear for pus cells and bacteria (8). Identification tests: done to identify the pathogenic bacteria include Catalase test, Coagulase test, Deoxyriboneuclease test, Kligler iron agar, Citrate utilization test, Simmons citrate agar, Urease test, Indole test, Sugar fermentation test and Methyl Red test. Results: The total number of 30 samples were collected from pregnant women suffering from bleeding, out of these 11 specimens (36.67%) were collected after complete abortion, whilst 19 (63.33%) samples were collected at initial time of bleeding, as indicated in Table (1) . Table (1): The collected specimens time from women with bleeding in Khartoum Teaching Hospital. Parameter Number Percentage Specimens collected after complete abortion 11 36.67% Specimens collected at initial time of bleeding 19 63.33% Total cases 30 100% According to demographic characters, septic abortion appearing more frequently at the age of 26-30 and 36-40 and most cases were induced abortion (73.3%) as shown in Table (2). Table (2): Demographic characteristics of women attending with bleeding Khartoum Teaching Hospital: Demographic character Frequency Percentage Age categories 20-25 4 13.34% 26-30 10 33.33% 31-35 6 20% 36 40 10 33.33% Total 30 100% Type of abortion Habitual 8 26.67% Induced 22 73.33% Total 30 100% Types of aerobic bacteria isolated from specimens collected at complete stage of abortion were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebseilla ozaenae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from both initial stage and complete stage of abortion. It was isolated from 14 specimens out of 19 specimens, Table (3). Table (3): Number of different bacteria isolate from septic abortion cases from women attending to Khartoum Teaching Hospital. Parameter Organism isolated Frequency Percentage Organism isolated from complete stage of abortion Staphylococcus epidermidis 6 54.5% Klebsiella ozaenae 2 18.2% Staph. aureus 1 9.1% Escherichia coli 1 9.1% Proteus mirabilis 1 9.1% Total 11 100% Organism isolated from initial stage of abortion Staphylococcus epidermidis 14 73.68% No growth 5 26.32% Total 19 100% Table(4): Relationship between the age of women, and type of abortion and the time of specimens in Khartoum Teaching Hospital Demographic character Complete abortion n(%) Initial abortion n(%) p-value Age categories 20-25 1 (9.1%) 3 (15.8%) 0.08 26-30 4 (36.3%) 6 (31.6%) 31-35 2 (18.2%) 4 (21.1%) 36 40 5 (45.4%) 5 (26.3%) Type of abortion Habitual 3 (27.27%) 5 (26.32%) 0.07 Induced 8 (72.73) 14(73.68%) Discussion: Out of 30 cases involved in this study 11 (36.67%) cases were caused by aerobic bacteria which may indicate that abortion may be caused by other causative agents than aerobic bacteria. The Percentage of septic abortion have been notably decreased , this is mostly because health care provider contribute significantly to reduce the expose of woman to septic complication by providing surfaces in a safe environment, this is un consistent with other published reviews[9]. The highest incidence were in age group 26-30 also in group36-40 (P > 0.05) the incidence were high , which is in inconsistent with other published reviews in other countries [9] ,but its consistent with the research of (Fawad, et al 2008) who found that the majority of patient were of middle age[8]. Also habitual abortion occupied about (27.3%) (P > 0.05) and induced abortion about (72.7%) (P > 0.05). Earlier published review showed that most isolated organism was Escherichia coli (20%) ,either alone or in combination with other bacteria ,which is inconsistent with our study (9.1%). Also the reviewer isolate Proteus mirabilis in combination with Escherichia coli (6%), in our study we found Proteus mirabilis (9.1%) [5]. The percentage of Klebsiella ozaenae isolate was (18.2%) which is higher than pervious study (Isibor, et.al 2011) with percentage of (4.4%) among pregnant woman [10] Staphylococcus aureus isolate percentage was (9.1%) in disagree with study done by (Isibor, et al 2011), which found that Staphylococcus aureus occupies about (26.7%). this may be attributed to immune status of the individual, personal hygiene and the proximity of the vagina to urethra [11]. References Atrash H.K., Lawson H.W., Smith J.C., Legal abortion in the US : trends and mortality . Contemp Ob/Gyn, 1990;p35(2);58-69. jewett J.F., septic induce abortion . N Engl J Med,1973,p289:9-748. Cates W .Jr. , Rochat R.W. , Smith J.C. , Taylor C.W. Jr., Trends and national abortion mortality ,United State,1940-1974:implification for prevention of future abortion deaths .Adv Plann Parent 1976,11:106-13. Cates W.Jr. , rochat R.W., Ilegal abortion in the united states:1972-1974.Fam Plann perspect1976;8:86-92. Botes M., The Parameters of Septic Abortion, S.A. Journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 11 September 1971, p4 ;37-41. Sedgh G., Henshaw S., Singh S., Ahman E., and Shah I.H.,Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide. Lancet ,2007 ,p370: 1338–1345. Sedgh G., Henshaw S., Singh S., Ahman E., and Shah I.H.,Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide. Lancet ,2007 ,p370: 1338–1345. Fawad A., Nazk H., K. Anisa , Septic induced abortion , J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad ,2008,20. Osazuwa H., Aziken M., Septic abortion: a review of social and demographic characteristics , Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. ,2007,p 275:117–119. Isibor J. O., Samuel S. O., Nwaham C. I., Amanre I. N., Igbinovia O., and Akhile A. O., Prevalence of bacterial and Candida albicans infection amongst women attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria, African Journal of Microbiology Research, Vol.30 ,September, 2011, p 5(20),. 3126-3130 Rosenow E. C., Studies in Elective Localization, Jour. Dent. Research, vol. 1, No. 3, September, 1919,52.