Criminal Justice Wedding Cake

The criminal equity wedding cake is a graph to show the significance of a wrongdoing and where it would be ordered. There are four layers on the cake that connote every one of the significant sorts of violations: (1) misdeeds, (2) less genuine lawful offenses, (3) genuine lawful offenses, and (4) commended cases. Additionally, the size of these layers relies upon the significance of the violations, with wrongdoings being the biggest and at the base and the commended cases being at the top and the littlest layer. The base and biggest layer of the criminal equity wedding cake relates to the misdemeanors.A offense is a lesser wrongdoing and the individual being rebuffed is given either a fine or a couple of long stretches of detainment relying upon the kind of wrongdoing perpetrated. Crimes run from various things from a belonging charge to a minor petty criminal offense, similar to an attempt at manslaughter mishap with another person’s vehicle. In any case, it relies on the exp ress that these offenses are recorded as wrongdoings. The following layer would comprise of the less genuine lawful offenses. These are normally dedicated by first time offenders.Some of the cases incorporate little burglaries of a low dollar esteem without any weapons included or something as straightforward as a battle that finished with ambush charges. More often than not, contingent upon the severance of the case, these crimes are not managed like they ought to be. The disciplines for these kinds of cases are things like probation or home imprisonment. The third layer of the criminal equity wedding cake would incorporate the more genuine lawful offenses. A portion of these wrongdoings would comprise of murders, high dollar burglaries that included weapons, for example, bank heists or home attacks, or a probation violation.These crimes are paid attention to very and they frequently require a base sentence of at any rate one year in jail. At the exceptionally top of the cake rests the commended cases. These cases are the prominent cases and they draw in a great deal of media consideration. The individuals engaged with them can incorporate somebody renowned, or extremely well off, as OJ Simpson, Martha Stewart, and Lindsey Lohan. Commended cases can likewise be somebody obscure who carried out an unjust wrongdoing like a sequential executioner, or just on the grounds that they pull in the media.

Go Ask Alice Book Review Essay

Presentation Go Ask Alice is a 1971 book about the life of a pained adolescent young lady. The book proceeds with its case to be the real journal of a mysterious high school young lady who got dependent on drugs. Beatrice Sparks is recorded as the writer of the book by the U.S. Copyright Office. The epic, whose title was taken from a line in the Grace Slick, wrote Jefferson Airplane melody â€Å"White Rabbit†, â€Å"go ask Alice/when she’s ten feet tall†, is introduced as an enemy of medication tribute. The memoirist’s name is never given in the book. Disclosures about the book’s root have been a reason for question regarding its genuineness and accurate records, and the distributers have recorded it as a work of fiction since at any rate the mid-late 1980s. In spite of the fact that it is as yet distributed under the byline â€Å"Anonymous†, it is to a great extent or entirely crafted by its indicated proofreader, Beatrice Sparks. A portion of the days a nd dates referenced in the book put the course of events from 1968 until 1970. Its significant topics would be trouble of correspondence and issues of juvenile personality. It is composed a progression of occasions as different journal passages. Synopsis of Content September eighteenth December 25th Alice clarifies that she got herself a journal upbeat, in the wake of being asked out by a person she enjoyed. She accepted she at long last had wonderful musings to shear with herself through composition. Following the following day, he dismisses her. Alice is wretchedly unreliable and asks why individuals consistently appear to offend her. Days pass by and her fifteenth passes, and her fatigue with life is intruded on just by weight increase and her going with self-loathing. She later discovers that her dad has acknowledged an instructing position at an alternate school and the family needs to move toward the beginning of the New Year. Over the time Alice’s mother has taken seen of her unpredictable dietary patterns and powers her to eat. She at that point begins to dismiss her mother’s care and thinks about whether she could make herself hurl subsequent to eating. Over the long haul Alice composes that she is generally herself with her dairy, and fears the loss of her character attempting to fit in with every other person. All through this time she shows a sharp feeling of knowledge and familiarity with her feelings and reviews numerous perceptions as a well as her sentiments. She alludes to her journal as an individual, trusting in it and requesting that it assist her with observing her weight reduction plan as though it were a dear companion. This in fact is one of the significant subjects in Go Ask Alice. January first July fourteenth Alice expounds on her fervor for the family’s enormous move, yet trusts to her journal her feelings of trepidation of not changing in accordance with life in another spot. In the wake of settling in, Alice adjusts her perspective on the house which she originally thought was unappealing, however now she considers it to be wonderful. As time passes by the remainder of the family has adjusted well to their new environmental factors, yet Alice feels like an untouchable. She thinks about how, in a group of friendly individuals, she generally figures out how to feel removed from others. With the progression of time, Alice hasn’t made any companions and has put on weight once more. All through this time, her drew nearer develops increasingly ugly and she feels like a social untouchable and is disappointed with everybody and everything around her. She additionally discusses her new companion she meets named Greata; who she feels is similarly as ugly and cumbersome as her. Alongside Greta, she discusses Beth a Jewish young lady who she meets that lives in the neighborhood. She finds that she can converse with Beth about anything; subsequent to communicating that she and her mom can no longer talk like they use to. She keeps on composing as he summer has begun and plans to go through the late spring with her grandparents. While there she is welcome to a gathering where she is acquainted with a game which remembers arbitrarily dribbling LSD for a few soft drink bottles which she turns into the beneficiary of. After she got mindful of the outcome she glad for the experience yet never needs to take tranquilizes again. All through this time, she thinks about her journey into the new universe of medications to Alice in Wonderland. Alice experiences a progression of social changes in with in the main portion of the year, and her shakiness clarifies her interest for drugs. She looked for asylum recorded as a hard copy yet medicates give a simpler access into her fabulous world, where she feels a relationship with individuals and the things around her. July twentieth September tenth She goes out on the town with Bill and investigations with more medications. She feels like a total new individual, better about herself and she cherishes going out. While at her grandparents her granddad had a smaller than expected respiratory failure. She wanders away from her companions in the endeavors in helping her grandma with her granddad. Later she subsumes to the weight of her companions and goes out to a gathering at Bills house where she takes corrosive. She likewise loses her virginity to him while on corrosive; which she communicated it similar to another splendid, freaky way out, some portion of her sedated undertakings. Presently, she searches for somebody to converse with about medications however she doesn’t realize who to inquire. Attempting to sift through her numerous emotions she begins to take resting pills which she cherishes. Medications causes Alice to feel like the individual she never was. Affected by speed, she says, she feels like an individual from a â€Å"different, improved, consummated species†. What Alice got from the medications was a feeling of being cherished for who she truly is, by others around her who is on drugs. September twelfth November 22nd Alice in now back home where she meets a companion name Chris and is given a vocation working with her are a neighborhood market. She keeps on popping pills at whatever point she gets worn out or hungry. She is then acquainted with maryjane and is currently utilizing just as selling it. She at that point winds up in what will end up being an awful disloyalty; when she discovers reality with regards to Richie’s mystery undertaking with Ted. As time pass, Chris and Alice chooses to escape San Francisco and promises to turn Richie in and remains calm with Chris. She gets to San Francisco where she and Chris both secure positions to help themselves. She additionally develops inside this time allotment, finding out about her sexuality. Be that as it may, she has not engage in sexual relations calm yet. Underneath Alice’s hallucinogenic undertakings is her proceeding with want to discover somebody with home she can have a similar open, adoring relationship she once had with her family. Her moving feelings concerning her family were the significant reason for her takeoff, yet she aches for them in San Francisco. November 23rd-End of Diary One Alice has now gone through her by trail by fire, and she feels like a grown-up from the manner in which others treat her as a person. She proclaims â€Å"I am someone: however her genuine development isn't from how others react to her, yet from astute reflections on what it intends to survivors the disturbed occasions of pre-adulthood. She isn't totally prepared to acknowledge her past, she needs to apologize for her wrongdoings, however she likewise wishes she could push her bad dreams in the rear of her psyche. Alice at last increases enough outright experience and chat all the more genuinely with different wanderers in this area to see better what has caused her decrease. Alice analyze her genuine issue when, upbeat about her father’s love for her, she wishes she could just love herself. On the off chance that she could do this, she would think less about revolting or fulfilling her folks and rather center around her own, isolated wants. All through this area she builds up a conviction of Christian reclamation on her own when it happens to her that enduring may have been advantageous, as she would now be able to comprehend and be all the more comprehension of individuals. Her choices to h help other people has profound strict reasons, and she parts of the bargains. Journal 2 April sixth May 21st Alice develops profoundly in this area, growing her affectability. Her expanding want to turn into a direction counsel appears. She has now discover a personality that will some time or another suite her, and keeping in mind that she is still in torment now and again, she is as of now showing signs of improvement at speaking with others and getting a charge out of an existence with soberness. She and her folks both presently approach each other with deference and concern. Her granddad bites the dust and she is making some hard memories managing the circumstance now. Additional startling to Alice is her actual powerlessness motel her glimmer back scene and the subsequent dread that she may lose her psyche. May 22nd Updated July Alice writes in her undated journal from a medical clinic. She is uncertain how she has wound up here and can just think about the worms she believes are decimating her. She has obviously been gnawing her fingers down deep down; she relates this to the demise of her granddad. Alice uncovers that a unintentional portion of corrosive is the reason for her breakdown. Her mom and father accept that another person â€Å"tripped† Alice without her knowing it. she discovers she is being sent to a crazy haven. Her dad discloses to her that when her case was brought under the steady gaze of an adolescent court, Jan and another young lady affirmed that Alice had still been on drugs and was selling them. She enrolls at the State Mental Hospital. She is scared by the monstrous structure and by the detainees, whom she feels are unique in relation to her. In spite of the psychological detestations Alice bears, her brain remains to some degree flexible and her journal turns into her actual h aven. She is sent away to the haven to find support. July 27th Epilog Alice attempts to supplicate however feels the words are bogus and trivial. She longs for death. She begins going to class at the Youth Center, which is an alleviation contrasted with her room. Life in the shelter is depleting her in all manners, as it has just accomplished for Babbie. She tunes in to different children in a gathering treatment meeting, which she finds accommodating. Alice’s mother and father visit. Another visit from Alice’s guardians brings a long letter from Joel. Her dad reports that Jan has withdrawn her announcement, and they’re attempting to get the other young lady to do likewise,

Random Admission Thoughts - April Edition - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Random Admission Thoughts - April Edition - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Random Admission Thoughts April Edition April in Admissions is in some respects a very busy/hectic time, but it is also a much more peaceful time in some areas of the office. Our office has a number of student programs over the next two weeks, both on campus and all over the country, we are working with graduating HS seniors and rising HS seniors, and we right in the middle of the Fall transfer season. But at the same time, we are waiting to see how deposits are coming in and monitoring them daily, making plans for next year both for travel and the application process, and waiting for the end of the school year for both transfers and freshmen so we can start receiving final transcripts (and then dig ourselves out of the stack). So, while we are in the middle of things, I thought I would share a few random bits of information from UGA admissions. Please feel free to ask me any questions, but remember to first do a search using the search tool in the upper right hand corner, or by using the labels option on the bottom right. While we have made almost 1,000 Fall transfer decisions, we still have about 1,100 more to go (I always expect about 400 or so applicants to be incomplete, so that makes up our 2,500 Fall transfer applicants). At this point in time, UGA has about 40,000 rising seniors in our recruitment database, and we have and will be sending out brochures, emails and cards to students throughout the next year. As I have said before, the only way for UGA to know about you is many times is for you to first communicate with us, either through visiting campus, sending us an SAT/ACT score, attending a college fair, etc. We cannot communicate with you if we do not know who you are. I want to say a big thank you to the Fagin family, who made a wonderful contribution in my honor to UGA. I have never met the Fagin family or contacted them specifically, but I am guessing that this blog has helped them in the admissions process as it was mentioned in the note. Thanks!! There have been a number of amazing students in this class, from what they have accomplished, what they have overcome, and how hard they have worked. Congratulations to all the admitted students, and we look forward to seeing you on campus. Transfer applicants, please do not call and ask When am I going to hear a decision? The people on the phones (or the ones who answer the emails) cant answer this question any more than I can, and I am giving you the best information possible. If anyone knows Mark Sanders, senior from Athens, GA, tell him I think he should go to UGA. Go Dawgs! The Boston Red Sox are killing me this year. Still a fan, but they are killing me! Freshman and transfers, remember to keep your grades up during the last month or so of classes and final exams. Rising juniors and seniors, remember that reading is one of the best ways to get ready for the SAT, college classes, and life! Right now, my son (rising HS freshman!) is reading The Power of One by Bryce Courtenay, a great book that I highly recommend. We will not know about wait-list options until a week or more after the May 1 deposit date, so please be patient with this process. Good luck to all the high school seniors graduating over the next two months, and I hope you have been able to find a great match during your college search!

This Is The Classic Apples And Oranges Debate. Why Are

This is the classic apples and oranges debate. Why are drugs like tobacco and alcohol legal when they cause more harm to people than illegal drugs such as cannabis? This is a question many people and professionals ask themselves constantly. Based on past history alcohol was illegal during the 1920s known as the prohibition era. Federal and local government struggled to enforce the prohibition over the course of the 1920s. Even though it decreased drunken arrests and dropped alcohol consumption by 30 percent; there was still people that didn’t agree with the law and found inventive ways to get around it. That’s when â€Å"bootlegging† (illegal manufacturing and sale of liquor), â€Å"speakeasies† (stores or nightclubs selling alcohol), and the†¦show more content†¦It can cause cancer, peptic ulcers, cardiomyopathy, and liver cirrhosis. Not only that, but people who chronically drink alcohol may get deficiencies in thiamin (vitamin B1), and this can lead to Korsakoff s syndrome. Alcohol is also extremely addictive. And it is the main reason why drunk driving exists. That’s why organizations such as MADD exists today because they are trying to prevent more innocent lives being taken away because a person was driving under the influence. Now, just like alcohol people also have an issue as to why tobacco is still legal. Tobacco consumption and its appeal have really changed from the 1920s to today’s society. Tobacco was a global crop by the 1620 and by the 1700s it became very popular in Europe. Everybody was smoking tobacco and there was much money to be made because of it. It also helped that nicotine was highly addictive. During World War I the cigarette was invented. Cigarettes would be used to calm nerves of decrease appetite. By the 1950s Americans were buying a total of 8.4 million pounds of tobacco a year. America was the leading country in cigarette production. Then when it reached Hollywood and how glamorous smoking looked everyone wanted to do it as well. Classic stars such as Bette Davis, Paul Henreid and Audrey Hepburn glamorized cigarette smoking making it a big impact to the common people that idolized them to also smoke because their favorite celebritiesShow MoreRelatedGods Existence and Christi anity in Why I Am Not Christian by Bertrant Russell1492 Words   |  6 PagesReligion has been the cause for countless fights, debates, and wars throughout the existence of humankind. There have been many people who have stepped into the void of the endless dispute, among them are ones claiming God’s existence, and the ones refuting it. The forms of this endless debate fall into many categories to express opinions on religion: speeches, poems, and essays. It is common for these forms of expression to sway to both ends of the spectrum on religion. 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Scott Fitzgerald (1920)[28] The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann (1924). Pather Panchali, by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay (1929)[29] Gone with the Wind, by Margaret Mitchell (1936) Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale HurstonRead MoreSwot Analysis25582 Words   |  103 Pagesfirst 12-months replacement guarantee was implemented by Sunbeam across its entire product range, demonstrating Sunbeam’s commitment to quality and performance. The inventive smokeless Kettle King, an outdoor electric barbecue, was also introduced. In this way, Sunbeam not only catered for the great Australian barbeque tradition, it developed a product that reflected changing consumer lifestyles and social trends, such as an increase in apartment living. Sunbeam continued to respond to changes in lifestylesRead MoreFood in Italy4322 Words   |  18 Pagesas a country is ruled by the former. Italy is a culture that is rich and saturated in their traditions of cooking. 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Permission is hereby given for the material in this publicationRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pages MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION This module provides an overview on the subject of art appreciation for those entirely new to the subject. This is a complex topic to deal with and it is impossible to have a truly comprehensive discussion on the topic in such a brief essay. The student is advised to consult more advanced texts to gain further understanding of how to appreciate art more fully. HUMANITIES: What is it? †¢ The term Humanities comes from the Latin word, â€Å"humanitas† †¢ It generally

Bioterrorism and Plague Essay - 1777 Words

Bioterrorism and Plague Plague, also known as Yesirnia pestis, has wreaked havoc since the first documented outbreak in the 6th century, along with changing the course of history. Although bubonic plague is the most common form of plague, pneumonic plague is the more fatal form of the bacteria. It is the only form that has been successfully aerosolized by man and has the potential of taking down a mass of people in days. If used as a bioweapon, it would cause major damage. This paper is designed to inform you of the history, the facts, and the precautions needed to prevent a bioterrorist attack. In 1970, The World Health Organization estimated that 50 kg, or 110 lb, of Y. pestis sprayed over a city would infect 150,000 individuals and†¦show more content†¦And, indeed, another broke out again. The Justinian plague of 561 AD is another example of how badly plague can impact society. 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Innovation and Entrepreneurship Free Essays

Student: B00227358 University of the West of Scotland Issues Surrounding the Role of Innovation in the Economic Growth Process Introduction The modern world economy shows that the scientific and technological knowledge and innovation are key factors for sustainable economic growth. Much of the competitive advantages that the country holds today derives from the use of scientific knowledge and applied technology become the corporate level to develop new products or services through the management of technological innovation, marketing, and organizational. The world globalization highlights the urgent need for business organizations that produce goods and services for domestic or international market recognize the strategic value of innovation and incorporated into its business management as an instrument or tool that is part of your corporate culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation and Entrepreneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Innovation is an essential element for any organization in order to survive, grow and significantly influence the direction of any industry. Development does not; however, guarantee success, but most be followed up with successive streams of innovation and change, from the incremental to the radical. Discussion The most reliable way to be successful in the industry is to innovate better and longer than the competitor, leading companies develops innovation portfolios that they can use to help sustain growth over the long term. Innovation and change is an essential part of any business activity, but only some people recognize its importance and significance. Companies recognize that key factors such as productivity, competitiveness, and productive marketing and organizational efficiency, depend increasingly implement suitable mechanisms to change from the stage knowledge generation (Science and Technology), or import and assimilation of it to the stage of practical application through the process of innovation. In the recent years, entrepreneurship has become the most successful innovation to increase the economical growth of the country. Entrepreneurship has long een briefly viewed as a foremost vehicle for financial development and it has captivated investigators from a kind of disciplines with very varied analytical approaches. Audretsch Thurik, in their paper â€Å"What’s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies,† demonstrates the change which is being made in the OECD countries. According to them, the reason for this change is the entrepreneurial economy (Audretsch Thu rik, 2001, 267). The paper is an attempt to articulate and identify the differences between the new emerging entrepreneurial economy and the managed economy. According to this paper, there are a total of 14 trade-offs that confronts these two economies. The major economic benefits of European integration will come not through economies of scale, but rather through economies of diversity (Audretsch Thurik, 2001, 308). The countries that have adopted the entrepreneurial economy have been successful in making additional growth. In another paper, â€Å"Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth,† Wennekers and Thurik looks at the link between the entrepreneurship and the economic growth of a country. The paper concludes that entrepreneurship really matters for the prosperity of a country. In today’s modern world of economics, entrepreneurship plays an essential role in the growth of economy. According to the paper, ICT-revolution and globalization implies the need for a structural change which requires a considerable reallocation of the resources, this increases the demand for entrepreneurship (Wennekers Thurik, 1999, 140). The Schumpeterian tradition of the analysis which concerns the form, innovation and entrepreneurship is examined in the paper, â€Å"Innovation, entrepreneurship and the firm: a post-Schumpeterian approach. Burton proposes a post- Schumpeterian framework as a remedy for the defects in the Schumpeterian framework. The framework presented by Burton is based on four main elements Diffused Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Management; Collaborative Business Arrangements for Knowledge Creation; Knowledge Protection; and Knowledge Creation (Burton, 2001, 7). We can look take assistance from this framework to strengthen the innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. Furthermore, in â€Å"Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data,† demonstrates the occurrence of the high growth prospective of the new emerging firms. There are different rates of economic growths which have been observed in the country. Not every entrepreneurial start-up contributes to the generating economic growth. It shows that other factors also influence the economic growth of a country. Innovation in science and technology is also an essential part in contributing to the growth of economy in a country. Economic growth is a process through which knowledge is transformed into quality goods and services that satisfy human needs (Wong et al, 2005, 335). The companies are the means through which scientific and technological knowledge is applied in a practical way through the production process, and is transformed into goods and services increased level or better quality, which contributes to the economic and social transformation. Organizations need a change of approach, which involves focusing attention on existing technologies that when used on a widespread basis through processes of innovation, can have a significant impact on the UK economy. Most countries recognize the importance of science and technology as tools for economic growth, but many developing countries focus exclusively on the generation of knowledge in basic research support. Countries must adopt strategies to improve the infrastructure of basic services, so that the appropriate level of the same foster technological development necessary to achieve sustained economic growth: Without a decent infrastructure of basic services it is not possible to develop major applications of technology. Many developing countries have made the mistake of not giving enough importance to the training of technicians and technologists, and artisans, which are home to many small and medium enterprises. Today most of the curriculum and curriculum of universities in developing countries have become obsolete (Murray Blackman, 2006, 132). In an increasingly globalized world requires changes in national policies to incorporate science and technology in the design of economic strategies, in order to achieve: 1. The use of existing technology, using the strategy of â€Å"shadow and fast â€Å"using ICT (information) than is available in the world, 2. Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in technological capability and seek to promote links with other firms in the chain, 3. † Upgrade â€Å"of existing technological capacity in the business sector, 4. Identify market niches and incorporated into the chain 5. To promote international technology partnerships, 6. Using technology foresight methodology in the various sectors (Murray Blackman, 2006, 132). Among the various fiscal and policy instruments that can be implemented to stimulate technological innovation and boost business ties between the actors. We need to promote intellectual property, promote international cooperation in technology transfer, and promote co-financing for technological innovation and venture capital funds for technological innovation. Other than that encourage the creation and development of small and medium enterprises to promote business development centers and technology incubators, implement technology parks; enhance the technological links with companies in free zones are also very important. There are many issues involved in the role of innovation. For many years, we have tried to understand the relationship between innovation and development in global and in particular its economical dimension. This interest has increased significantly. While this issue has been addressed in the literature at least since the 60’s and 70’s, is the late 80’s and 90’s in that discussion has intensified in part by the new avenues that are opening the economy informational. A new technological revolution based largely on information, and spread through the global economy, affects the spatial conformation of economic activities (Uljin, 2003, 15). This is due to the characteristics that result from different combinations of endogenous processes such as fixed capital investment, research and development, education, the advantages in the use of technologies, the economies of scale, the allocation of resources, and a variety of institutional factors that vary between countries. This applies not only within countries but even between regions. The industrial map is diversified, resulting in regional differentiation based on the vocation of the places on those parameters. Innovative industries of the new technological revolution do not show a generalized spatial dispersion. On the contrary, are located in regions where they meet the requirements for innovation. Three issues deserve particular attention. First, it increases the importance of knowledge and intelligence as the basic factors of the system. They are the key for access to and ownership of information that feeds the dynamics of innovation by enabling technological transformation and modernization of the economy (Uljin, 2003, 15). Second, it involves growing interdependence among various actors and resources. Among them are companies that make up the economic structure of a region, universities, local government, the labor market, community, entrepreneurship, infrastructure and funding sources. Conclusion This is particularly important as the playing experience with innovation policy has become a panacea for a variety of problems. It is clear that the contexts in which they have successfully implemented these policies contain factors that are areas of opportunity for action and that lessons should not be isolated without context. Third, the information economy, enhances the integration between regional and global networks. The paradox of the twentieth century is that, in a global economy, regions and cities become increasingly important, even when they have less power than national governments and are always in constant competition. The regions have enormous advantages to compete globally; from greater flexibility to adapt to changing conditions at the national level can be tackled only with painful effort behind. References Audretsch, A. D. and Thurik, A. R. 2001), â€Å"What’s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies,† Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 10, No 1, Pp. 267-309 Burton, J. (2001), â€Å"Innovation, entrepreneurship and the firm: a post-Schumpeterian approach,† International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 7-29 Murray, P. Blackman, D. (2006), â€Å"Managing Innovation through socia l architecture, learning, and competencies: a new conceptual approach,† Knowledge and Process Management, 13, 3, Pp. 32-143 Uljin, J. (2003), â€Å"Cultural Conditions of Championing Innovation in International Technology-Driven Firms: Ways of Conceptualisation and Assessment,† ECIS Reseach, Pp. 15-19 Wennekers, S. and Thurik, R. (1999), â€Å"Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth,† Small Business Economics, Vol. 13, No 1, Pp. 140-149 Wong, K. , Ho, Y. P. Autio, E. (2005), â€Å"Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data,† Small Business Economics, Vol 24, Pp. 335 – 350 How to cite Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Papers

Support Use of Medication in Socia Care Settings free essay sample

There are four acts that governs the use of medication in social care settings. a. ) The Medicine act 1968 -governs the manufacture supply of medicines. This requires that the local pharmacist or dispensing doctor is responsible for supplying medication. He or she can only do this on the receipt of a prescription from an authorised person eg a doctor. b. )The misuse of Drugs act 1971 and amendments 1985, 2001 -this controls dangerous or otherwise harmful drugs designated as Controlled drugs (CD). The main purpose of this act is to prevent the misuse of controlled drugs. CD’s are prescribed drugs used to treat severe pain. Some people abuse them by taking them when there is no clinical reason. The purpose of the legislation impacts on care homes by requiring special arrangements for storage, administration, records and disposal. c. ) The misuse of drugs (Safe custody) amendment Regulation 2007 this specifies how controlled drugs are stored and is referred to in the Standards for care homes. We will write a custom essay sample on Support Use of Medication in Socia Care Settings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Controlled drugs must be kept in Controlled drugs cabinet that complies with these regulations. The regulations specify the quality, construction, method of fixing and lock and key for the cupboard. Care Home regulations 2001 Regulation 13 states that a registered provider must make arrangements for the recording, handling, safekeeping, safe administration and disposal of medicines received into the care home. 1. 2. Products in the UK are given licences that class them as a prescription-only medicine (POM), a pharmacy medicine (P) or a general sale list medicine (GSL). POMs are available only on prescription after they are prescribed by a qualified prescriber who takes responsibility for the patient’s care. All injections and controlled drugs at certain strength are considered POMs. Medicines are those that are available from a pharmacy, and must be sold under the supervision of the pharmacist. GSL medicines can be bought from general retailers as well as pharmacies. 1. 3. The policies and procedures need to follow the law so care settings are not breaking the law. The legislation give the guidelines to care providers how to deal with medication and also to protect those who receive them. 2. 1. and 2. 2. Common types of medication and list of conditions for each type of medication may be prescribed. Painkillers most people use painkillers to treat mild conditions including head and muscle aches Antihistamines they help to ease symptoms associated with conditions such as hayfever and allergies, but can also be used to treat atopic eczema, insomnia and allergic conjunctivitis. Antibiotics are used to treat infections and illnesses that care caused by bacteria; antibiotics are available on prescription and are used to treat a variety of common infections (UTI, throat infection) Antidepressant are used to treat depression. Contraceptive medication to prevent pregnancy. Beta blockers are a versatile type of medication that can be used to treat a variety of different health conditions for example high blood pressure (hypertension), angina, heart failure, anxiety. Immunosuppressives suppress the body’s immune system; they are used to treat conditions that affect the immune system (known as autoimmune diseases) and to prevent rejection following transplant operations. (HIV) Anticoagulants are used to prevent the blood from clotting; blood clots can contribute to serious health conditions including strokes and heart attacks as they block the free flow of the blood around the body. The most commonly used anticoagulants include warfarin and heparin to treat deep vein thrombosis, strokes and heart attacks. 2. 3. An adverse drug reaction is an unwanted or harmful reaction experienced following the administration of a drug or combination of drugs under normal conditions of use, which is suspected to be related to the drug. The reaction may be a known side effect of the drug or it may be new and previously unrecognised. Changes to an individual’s physical and mental well-being that may indicate an adverse reaction to a medication include: skin rashes, hallucination, insomnia, anxiety. 3. 1. The prescriber must be trained appropriately (may be a GP or nurse prescriber for example) and update themselves as required by any professional body that they might belong to prescriptions should be written clearly, ensuring the patient understands any side effects and the reasons for the prescription be given to them and how long they should take it for. Medication should only be prescribed after careful consideration of the patients best interests. The prescriber should have access to the most up to date version of the British National Formulary (BNF) The person dispensing must also be appropriately trained, follow safe systems of work and understand the side effects of various drugs; be able to access appropriate information and understand when to access advice or further information (the dispenser may not necessarily be a trained pharmacist but should be working alongside one). By supporting medication the person administering the medication support an individual to take medication through following care plans or support plans; staying with the person to support them to take it; using appropriate equipment (spoon etc) and a drink of water and of course reassuring communication and of course time. 3. 2. Many medicines can be purchased through wholesalers and retail outlets by anyone. People may decide to buy and keep remedies to take themselves, including herbal remedies and products that they purchase from other countries. When the care provider keeps a range of ‘homely remedies’, it is care workers who will decide whether to give them to a resident or not. Homely remedies are used to provide immediate relief for mild to moderate symptoms. They are treatments that people would use themselves without consulting their GP, for example to treat toothache or indigestion. These medicines are potent and may interact with medicines that the doctor has prescribed for residents. The care provider is under no obligation to provide this treatment. But if homely remedies are purchased for occasional use by residents, the care provider must have a written policy that details the following: †¢ which medicines are kept for immediate relief of mild symptoms that a resident may choose to self-treat in their own home †¢ the indications for offering the medicines †¢ the dose to give and how often it may be repeated before referring to the resident’s doctor †¢ how to establish with the resident’s GP that the remedies will not interact with other prescribed medicines †¢ how to obtain the resident’s consent to treatment that the doctor has not prescribed †¢ how the administration will be recorded. The routes by which medication can be administrate: Oral medicines can be given orally in the form of capsules, tablets, liquids or powders. Rectal (anal) products such as suppositories and enemas are placed into the rectum, where they work locally or are absorbed into the bloodstream. Vaginal products such as pessaries and some creams are administered to the resident via the vagina. Via needles Injections can be given under the skin, in the muscle or into the vein. Feeding tube some residents may have their medicines administered via a feeding tube. Through the skin for example patches, creams 4. 2. Forms of medicines: capsules and tablets, liquids buccal preparations are placed in the mouth between the gum and the top lip, implants, injections, infusion, cream, gel, ointment, lotion, inhalers, patch, intranasal, vaginal products. 4. 3. Materials and equipment that can assist in administering medication medicine trolley syringes for medicines, needles and syringes for injections Nebuliser for Ventolin nebulisers (Usually used for chronic asthma, COPD, Emphysema etc Applicator for pessary, 5. 1. Medicines will either be delivered to the care setting from the pharmacy or the resident may bring prescribed medicines and non-prescribed medicines into the care home themselves when they first arrive. If the medicine is going to be administered by qualified staff then the medicines should be given to them by the resident so that the medicines can be stored appropriately. The procedure for how medicines are given in the care home Should be explained to the resident. If the medicines are being delivered from pharmacy, they should be given to a designated member of care staff, The staff should put the medicines into a secure place. Controlled drugs should be signed for so that there is an audit trail for who has received the CDs into the care home. A designated member of staff should check each medicine to ensure that was requested has been received and the most recent MAR chart for each resident should also be cross-checked. The medicine itself and the label of each medicine should be checked to ensure that the correct medicine has been received for the correct resident, the dose is correct and any special storage requirements are followed (e. g. fridge items, CD items). 5. 2. All medicines in the care home must be securely locked away when not in use. Medicines should be kept in a locked medicines cabinet (this could be a cupboard, room or trolley) and in accordance with manufacturers’ storage instructions (example fridge). They should be stored as near to the site of administration as possible. Some CDs are required to be stored in a locked metal cabinet used specifically for storing CDs. The cabinet should be fixed securely to a wall. Only designated key holders should have access to this cabinet. 5. 3. Medicines may require disposal for a variety of reasons, for example, they may be out of date, they may be unused or unwanted. A written waste disposal policy should be in place in the care home s staff know how medicines should be disposed of correctly. Nursing homes should ideally dispose of waste via a licensed clinical waste company and not return them to the pharmacy. Residential homes may return unwanted medicines back to the pharmacy because this is classed as domestic or household waste. Each care home should keep a records that include: date of disposal, name form and strength of medicine, quantity disposed, the name of person to whom the medicines was prescribed, the signature off staff member who is arranging disposal. 6. 1. Consent in the use of medication is the principle that a person must give their permission before they receive any type of medicines. The principle of consent is an important part of medical ethics and the international human rights law. For consent to be valid, it must be voluntary and informed, and the person consenting must have the capacity to make the decision. Care home residents should be encouraged to self-administer medicines whenever possible. Residents can choose to give care staff the responsibility of managing most of their medicines but may decide to self-administer when required medicines such as cream, inhalers or painkillers themselves. Before a resident can self-administer their medicines, care staff should carry out a preliminary risk assessment to ensure resident can self-administer their medicine appropriately and safely. An individuals right to have their dignity privacy respected, following organisations Policies Procedures, National Standards, Codes of Conduct, Essential Standards of Quality Safety, this also relates to consent (Mental Capacity Act 2005) the right to confidentiality (Data Protection Act. ) 6. 2. Before a resident can self-administer their medicines, care staff should carry out a preliminary risk assessment to ensure resident can self-administer their medicine appropriately and safely. Further regular checks at intervals designated in the care home’s policy should be made to ensure this is still appropriate. Pharmacists are able to provide advice and support to residents who self-administer medicines. This will help to maintain the resident’s independence. 6. 3. Ensure the client has a full understanding of the medication both in its purpose and potential side effects. Outline the ingredients so that they are comfortable with taking it. If they are unable to understand its purpose or make a formal decision then speak to their carer or responsible person. For example Vegetarians wont take capsules as they contain gelatin so therefore drug companies should produce an alternative. One ethical issue which raised its head a few years ago and has resulted in changes to the way medication is administered was the covert crushing of medications and adding them to jam or other foods to disguise them when an individual declined to take them. This was considered unethical, unfair deceitful and often dangerous and is now forbidden. Medication which is crushed can be dangerous (slow release medicines can hit the system all in one go causing collapse and serious illness) and giving it in this hidden manner takes away a persons right to choose. Other ethical issues around medication might be a persons strong beliefs around the testing of medicines on animals. 7. 1. The care staff can obtain information about medication by asking the resident and his family, from GP and pharmacy. If the resident is coming from hospital the relevant information about medications are included on discharge form. In the care homes the medicines record is documented on MAR charts. 7. 2. Service user who takes responsibility for their medicines are supported by care staff. That include  ¦ help with ordering and collecting prescriptions  ¦ verbal reminder to take medication Help with reading labels or patient information leaflet  ¦ advising on safe storage of medicines  ¦ observing and reporting to the Senior Care Worker any changes in service user’s ability to manage their medicines 7. 3. Each care home will have its own procedure for administration of medicines by care staff. To make sure that medication is used and administered correctly care homes should: firstly ensure they can identify the individual resident correctly. All Mar charts should have a facing page which contains the personal details and also ideally a photograph (consent from the resident is required). Once the resident has been identified correctly, the care staff should select the medicines that need t be administered at the time by referring to the MAR chart. The MAR chart should be checked for the name of medicine, dose, any recent changes and also check the dose has not already been given by another member of staff. The medicine container should be identified and the information on the label should be checked against the MAR chart to ensure they are the same. The expiry of use by date on the medicine’s packaging should be checked. Care staff should not force residents to take their medicine if they do not want to do so. (Refusal should be recorded in the resident’s records) 7. 4. Potential practical medication problems in the elderly including problems to remember, to swallow practical handling, food- and drug- interactions, short use-before date 7. 5. Information about the medication can be obtain from MAR chart, GP or instructions. 8. 1. Each care home will have its own policy on how to administer medicines and record keeping and this should be followed but the below should be recorded: the date and time the medicine was given, Who gave the medicine (signature) the dose given (if there was a choice) if the medication was refused and the reason. 8. 2. The use of medication is recorded in MAR chart. If there are any problems with use of medication staff member should follow the policies and keep the record in resident’s records. In some cases members of staff will need to do referral to GP or other professionals for example for residents with swallowing difficulties to speech therapist